From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1970 Pittsburgh Pirates
National League East Champions
League National League
Division East
Ballpark Forbes Field (since 1909)
Three Rivers Stadium
City Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [1]
Owners John W. Galbreath (majority shareholder); Bing Crosby, Thomas P. Johnson (minority shareholders)
General managers Joe L. Brown
Managers Danny Murtaugh
Television KDKA-TV
Bob Prince, Nellie King, Gene Osborn
Radio KDKA
Bob Prince, Nellie King, Gene Osborn
←  1969 Seasons 1971 →

The 1970 Pittsburgh Pirates season resulted in the team winning their first National League East title with a record of 89–73, five games ahead of the Chicago Cubs. However, they lost the NLCS to the National League West champion Cincinnati Reds, three games to none.

The Pirates were managed by Danny Murtaugh and played their home games at Forbes Field during the first part of the year, before moving into the brand new Three Rivers Stadium on July 16. Coinciding with their move, the Pirates became the first major league team to adopt pullover jerseys and sans-a-belt pants for their uniforms, a style copied by a majority of MLB for the next two decades and which the Pirates themselves would wear through the 1990 season. [2]

Offseason

Three Rivers Stadium

In 1958, the Pirates had sold Forbes Field to the University of Pittsburgh, who wanted the land for expanded graduate facilities. Pitt then leased Forbes back to the Pirates until a new multipurpose stadium could be built. The Steelers opted to play at Pitt Stadium in the meantime. In June 1970, the Pirates played their final game at Forbes Field. It was a doubleheader sweep of the Chicago Cubs and Bill Mazeroski got the final hit at Forbes Field. [3]

A site on the North Side had been chosen earlier in the year, but it took until April 25, 1968, to finally break ground. Three Rivers Stadium opened on July 16, 1970, and became the home of the Pirates and the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Notable transactions

Regular season

  • June 12, 1970: Dock Ellis threw a no-hitter against the San Diego Padres. [7] Allegedly, Ellis pitched the no-hitter on acid. According to Ellis, in Donald Hall's book, In the Country of Baseball, the Pirates were starting a west-coast road trip. After the Pirates landed in San Diego, Ellis visited his hometown of Los Angeles for a party. Ellis had forgotten he was slated to pitch the next day, so he took some acid the night before the game. At around 10 a.m., after catching maybe an hour of sleep, he realized he was in the wrong place. [8]

Season standings

NL East W L Pct. GB Home Road
Pittsburgh Pirates 89 73 0.549 50–32 39–41
Chicago Cubs 84 78 0.519 5 46–34 38–44
New York Mets 83 79 0.512 6 44–38 39–41
St. Louis Cardinals 76 86 0.469 13 34–47 42–39
Philadelphia Phillies 73 88 0.453 15½ 40–40 33–48
Montreal Expos 73 89 0.451 16 39–41 34–48

Record vs. opponents


Sources: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Team ATL CHC CIN HOU LAD MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL
Atlanta 8–4 5–13 9–9 6–12 6–6 6–6 7–5 6–6 9–9 7–11 7–5
Chicago 4–8 7–5 7–5 6–6 13–5 7–11 9–9 8–10 9–3 7–5 7–11
Cincinnati 13–5 5–7 15–3 13–5 7–5 8–4 7–5 8–4 8–10 9–9 9–3
Houston 9–9 5–7 3–15 8–10 8–4 6–6 4–8 6–6 14–4 10–8 6–6
Los Angeles 12–6 6–6 5–13 10–8 8–4 7–5 6–5 6–6 11–7 9–9 7–5
Montreal 6–6 5–13 5–7 4–8 4–8 10–8 11–7 9–9 6–6 6–6 7–11
New York 6–6 11–7 4–8 6–6 5–7 8–10 13–5 6–12 6–6 6–6 12–6
Philadelphia 5-7 9–9 5–7 8–4 5–6 7–11 5–13 4–14 9–3 8–4 8–10
Pittsburgh 6–6 10–8 4–8 6–6 6–6 9–9 12–6 14–4 6–6 4–8 12–6
San Diego 9–9 3–9 10–8 4–14 7–11 6–6 6–6 3–9 6–6 5–13 4–8
San Francisco 11–7 5–7 9–9 8–10 9–9 6–6 6–6 4–8 8–4 13–5 7–5
St. Louis 5–7 11–7 3–9 6–6 5–7 11–7 6–12 10–8 6–12 8–4 5–7


Detailed records

Game log

1970 Game Log: 89–73 (Home: 50–32; Away: 39–41)
April: 11–8 (Home: 7–7; Away: 4–1)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
1 April 7 Mets 3–5 (11) Taylor Hartenstein (0–1) McGraw 34,249 0–1
2 April 9 Mets 2–1 Ellis (1–0) Koosman 9,884 1–1
3 April 10 @ Phillies 0–2 Fryman Veale (0–1) 3,663 1–2
4 April 11 @ Phillies 4–0 Walker (1–0) Jackson Hartenstein (1) 7,673 2–2
5 April 12 @ Phillies 3–1 (10) Blass (1–0) Bunning 22,395 3–2
6 April 14 @ Mets 6–4 (10) Hartenstein (1–1) McGraw 41,679 4–2
7 April 16 @ Mets 7–4 Dal Canton (1–0) Cardwell 8,623 5–2
8 April 17 Cardinals 2–5 Culver Blass (1–1) 14,369 5–3
9 April 18 Cardinals 1–6 Carlton Walker (1–1) 8,465 5–4
10 April 20 Astros 3–1 Ellis (2–0) Bouton Giusti (1) 4,051 6–4
11 April 21 Astros 9–8 Veale (1–1) Dierker Gibbon (1) 3,589 7–4
12 April 22 Astros 6–1 Blass (2–1) Lemaster 6,178 8–4
13 April 23 Braves 8–6 Walker (2–1) Jarvis Giusti (2) 4,987 9–4
14 April 24 Braves 0–9 Nash Moose (0–1) 5,413 9–5
15 April 25 Braves 8–7 Giusti (1–0) Wilhelm McBean (1) 7,125 10–5
16 April 26 Braves 0–2 Niekro Veale (1–2) 15,307 10–6
17 April 27 Cubs 0–1 Decker Blass (2–2) Regan 6,635 10–7
18 April 28 Cubs 6–1 Walker (3–1) Holtzman Giusti (3) 6,717 11–7
19 April 29 Cubs 5–10 Hands Moose (0–2) Regan 7,900 11–8
May: 12–18 (Home: 6–5; Away: 6–13)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
20 May 1 @ Reds 4–6 Simpson Ellis (2–1) Gullett 19,470 11–9
21 May 2 @ Reds 2–7 McGlothlin Veale (1–3) 7,721 11–10
22 May 3 @ Reds 7–11 Merritt Blass (2–3) Carroll 15,219 11–11
23 May 4 @ Braves 3–5 Nash Walker (3–2) Priddy 7,457 11–12
24 May 5 @ Braves 6–12 Stone Moose (0–3) Wilhelm 9,199 11–13
25 May 6 @ Braves 0–3 Niekro Ellis (2–2) 9,782 11–14
26 May 7 @ Astros 9–5 Walker (4–2) Bouton Giusti (4) 11,678 12–14
27 May 8 @ Astros 5–7 Ray Blass (2–4) 13,383 12–15
28 May 9 @ Astros 6–3 Moose (1–3) Griffin 15,137 13–15
29 May 10 @ Astros 2–9 Dierker Ellis (2–3) 16,768 13–16
30 May 11 Reds 4–1 Veale (2–3) McGlothlin 7,722 14–16
31 May 12 Reds 3–5 Merritt Blass (2–5) 7,502 14–17
32 May 13 @ Cardinals 5–1 Moose (2–3) Gibson Giusti (5) 12,677 15–17
33 May 14 @ Cardinals 7–11 Johnson Garber (0–1) 10,840 15–18
34 May 15 Expos 1–2 McGinn Veale (2–4) 7,883 15–19
35 May 16 Expos 4–3 Walker (5–2) Raymond 4,237 16–19
36 May 17 Expos 7–8 Strohmayer Garber (0–2) Raymond 8,604 16–20
37 May 18 Phillies 2–1 Moose (3–3) Bunning 5,796 17–20
38 May 19 Phillies 0–2 Short Ellis (2–4) 6,251 17–21
39 May 20 Phillies 3–2 (14) Dal Canton (2–0) Selma 5,977 18–21
40 May 21 @ Expos 6–7 Dillman Walker (5–3) 13,346 18–22
41 May 22 @ Expos 3–6 Stoneman Moose (3–4) 10,576 18–23
42 May 23 @ Expos 8–4 Ellis (3–4) McGinn Giusti (6) 28,702 19–23
43 May 24 @ Expos 3–0 Veale (3–4) Morton 29,306 20–23
44 May 26 @ Cubs 3–6 Holtzman Blass (2–6) 12,440 20–24
45 May 27 @ Cubs 4–0 Moose (4–4) Jenkins 11,002 21–24
46 May 28 @ Cubs 7–8 Colborn Garber (0–3) 10,805 21–25
47 May 29 Giants 6–3 Veale (4–4) Robertson Giusti (7) 11,497 22–25
48 May 30 Giants 11–13 Bryant Blass (2–7) Faul 10,658 22–26
49 May 31 Giants 7–3 Moose (5–4) Marichal Giusti (8) 9,515 23–26
June: 17–11 (Home: 13–4; Away: 4–7)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
50 June 1 Padres 5–1 Ellis (4–4) Coombs 5,036 24–26
51 June 2 Padres 8–14 Herbel Veale (4–5) Dukes 4,747 24–27
52 June 4 Dodgers 0–5 Osteen Blass (2–8) 5,423 24–28
53 June 5 Dodgers 3–0 Moose (6–4) Moeller 7,691 25–28
54 June 6 Dodgers 7–6 (12) Giusti (2–0) Pena 13,153 26–28
55 June 7 Dodgers 3–1 Veale (5–5) Foster 11,243 27–28
56 June 9 @ Giants 5–1 Blass (3–8) Marichal 4,250 28–28
57 June 10 @ Giants 2–4 Perry Moose (6–5) 3,732 28–29
58 June 12 @ Padres 2–0 Ellis (5–4) Roberts 29–29
59 June 12 @ Padres 2–5 Coombs Veale (5–6) 9,903 29–30
60 June 13 @ Padres 7–2 Blass (4–8) Santorini 7,105 30–30
61 June 14 @ Padres 1–2 Kirby Moose (6–6) 15,781 30–31
62 June 15 @ Dodgers 5–2 Nelson (1–0) Moeller Giusti (9) 14,490 31–31
63 June 16 @ Dodgers 0–1 Sutton Veale (5–7) 20,069 31–32
64 June 17 @ Dodgers 0–4 Osteen Ellis (5–5) 17,327 31–33
65 June 19 Expos 8–4 Dal Canton (3–0) Dillman Walker (1) 9,707 32–33
66 June 20 Expos 4–2 Blass (5–8) Morton Giusti (10) 5,148 33–33
67 June 21 Expos 2–3 Nye Veale (5–8) 12,325 33–34
68 June 22 Cardinals 1–6 Reuss Ellis (5–6) 33–35
69 June 22 Cardinals 1–0 (10) Nelson (2–0) Linzy 15,158 34–35
70 June 23 Cardinals 7–2 Moose (7–6) Taylor 7,654 35–35
71 June 24 Cardinals 4–3 (11) Walker (6–3) McCool 8,095 36–35
72 June 25 Cardinals 3–2 Giusti (3–0) Carlton 9,910 37–35
73 June 27 Cubs 2–1 Ellis (6–6) Jenkins 10,188 38–35
74 June 28 Cubs 3–2 Giusti (4–0) Hands Walker (2) 39–35
75 June 28 Cubs 4–1 Nelson (3–0) Pappas Giusti (11) 40,918 40–35
76 June 29 @ Mets 2–3 Seaver Blass (5–9) 42,416 40–36
77 June 30 @ Mets 6–7 Koosman Veale (5–9) Taylor 38,681 40–37
July: 16–11 (Home: 5–4; Away: 11–7)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
78 July 1 @ Mets 4–3 Ellis (7–6) McAndrew Giusti (12) 34,316 41–37
79 July 3 @ Cubs 16–14 Giusti (5–0) Regan 26,602 42–37
80 July 4 @ Cubs 10–6 Blass (6–9) Holtzman Walker (3) 43–37
81 July 4 @ Cubs 2–7 Pappas Veale (5–10) Gura 26,634 43–38
82 July 5 @ Cubs 5–2 Ellis (8–6) Jenkins 25,569 44–38
83 July 6 @ Phillies 7–5 Nelson (4–0) Bunning Giusti (13) 6,145 45–38
84 July 7 @ Phillies 4–2 Veale (6–10) Short Giusti (14) 6,938 46–38
85 July 8 @ Phillies 0–2 Wise Blass (6–10) 7,038 46–39
86 July 9 @ Cardinals 6–0 Ellis (9–6) Carlton 22,345 47–39
87 July 10 @ Cardinals 6–2 Giusti (6–0) Gibson 23,920 48–39
88 July 11 @ Cardinals 8–7 Dal Canton (4–0) Taylor Pena (1) 25,686 49–39
89 July 12 @ Cardinals 7–6 (10) Giusti (7–0) Hrabosky Dal Canton (1) 45,776 50–39
90 July 16 Reds 2–3 Carroll Ellis (9–7) 48,846 50–40
91 July 17 Reds 4–3 Giusti (8–0) Simpson 23,298 51–40
92 July 18 Reds 1–3 (10) Merritt Giusti (8–1) Granger 27,906 51–41
93 July 19 Reds 7–3 Walker (7–3) Gullett Gibbon (2) 32,294 52–41
94 July 20 @ Astros 4–5 (12) Cook Dal Canton (4–1) 17,934 52–42
95 July 21 @ Astros 1–3 Wilson Nelson (4–1) Cook 17,741 52–43
96 July 22 Braves 5–3 Dal Canton (5–1) Stone Giusti (15) 19,145 53–43
97 July 23 Braves 6–5 Colpaert (1–0) McQueen Giusti (16) 14,377 54–43
98 July 24 Astros 11–0 Ellis (10–7) Griffin 43,290 55–43
99 July 25 Astros 4–8 Cook Veale (6–11) Dierker 14,069 55–44
100 July 26 Astros 4–6 (10) Lemaster Giusti (8–2) Gladding 40,131 55–45
101 July 28 @ Reds 4–3 Dal Canton (6–1) McGlothlin Giusti (17) 25,807 56–45
102 July 29 @ Reds 3–4 Nolan Ellis (10–8) Granger 25,788 56–46
103 July 30 @ Reds 4–8 Cloninger Veale (6–12) Gullett 26,298 56–47
104 July 31 @ Braves 3–4 Jarvis Nelson (4–2) Wilhelm 12,196 56–48
August: 14–15 (Home: 9–7; Away: 5–8)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
105 August 1 @ Braves 20–10 Pena (1–0) Stone Giusti (18) 28,333 57–48
106 August 2 @ Braves 10–7 Ellis (11–8) Nash Giusti (19) 15,227 58–48
107 August 3 @ Expos 0–8 McGinn Moose (7–7) 18,110 58–49
108 August 4 @ Expos 4–2 Veale (7–12) Marshall 27,112 59–49
109 August 5 Phillies 4–0 Walker (8–3) Wise 12,915 60–49
110 August 6 Phillies 4–0 Ellis (12–8) Bunning 61–49
111 August 6 Phillies 8–3 Dal Canton (7–1) Champion 26,664 62–49
112 August 7 Mets 6–1 Moose (8–7) McAndrew 37,556 63–49
113 August 8 Mets 9–12 Koosman Veale (7–13) Gentry 27,843 63–50
114 August 9 Mets 8–3 Walker (9–3) Ryan Pena (2) 41,772 64–50
115 August 10 Mets 2–10 Seaver Ellis (12–9) 47,148 64–51
116 August 11 Dodgers 4–5 Osteen Dal Canton (7–2) Brewer 16,708 64–52
117 August 12 Dodgers 4–11 Mikkelsen Moose (8–8) Hough 34,551 64–53
118 August 14 Padres 2–1 Pena (2–0) Roberts 65–53
119 August 14 Padres 10–1 Walker (10–3) Dobson 26,979 66–53
120 August 15 Padres 9–3 Veale (8–13) Wilson 14,110 67–53
121 August 16 Padres 6–8 Herbel Pena (2–1) Dukes 18,969 67–54
122 August 17 Giants 4–5 Perry Dal Canton (7–3) 21,148 67–55
123 August 18 Giants 6–2 Blass (7–10) Pitlock Giusti (20) 25,325 68–55
124 August 19 Giants 4–7 Marichal Walker (10–4) 24,655 68–56
125 August 21 @ Dodgers 1–2 Osteen Veale (8–14) 24,372 68–57
126 August 22 @ Dodgers 2–1 (16) Dal Canton (8–3) Mikkelsen 39,829 69–57
127 August 23 @ Dodgers 11–0 Blass (8–10) Foster 20,678 70–57
128 August 25 @ Padres 3–4 Dukes Walker (10–5) 4,876 70–58
129 August 26 @ Padres 1–2 Dobson Cambria (0–1) Dukes 6,067 70–59
130 August 28 @ Giants 1–5 Marichal Moose (8–9) 6,174 70–60
131 August 29 @ Giants 9–10 (10) McMahon Dal Canton (8–4) 8,188 70–61
132 August 30 @ Giants 3–7 Johnson Walker (10–6) Robertson 70–62
133 August 30 @ Giants 1–2 Bryant Giusti (8–3) 15,963 70–63
September: 18–10 (Home: 10–5; Away: 8–5)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
134 September 1 @ Expos 8–4 Veale (9–14) Stoneman Giusti (21) 20,123 71–63
135 September 2 @ Expos 7–10 Marshall Gibbon (0–1) 15,461 71–64
136 September 4 Phillies 4–3 Blass (9–10) Wise Lamb (1) 22,547 72–64
137 September 5 Phillies 6–4 Cambria (1–1) Lersch Giusti (22) 22,925 73–64
138 September 6 Phillies 4–3 (10) Walker (11–6) Selma 19,049 74–64
139 September 7 Cubs 8–3 Moose (9–9) Pappas 75–64
140 September 7 Cubs 2–9 Jenkins Veale (9–15) 42,556 75–65
141 September 8 Cubs 3–10 Hands Blass (9–11) 6,777 75–66
142 September 9 Cardinals 4–6 Bertaina Cambria (1–2) Hilgendorf 14,927 75–67
143 September 10 Cardinals 2–0 Walker (12–6) Briles 14,386 76–67
144 September 12 @ Cubs 5–4 Moose (10–9) Jenkins Giusti (23) 33,199 77–67
145 September 13 @ Cubs 2–3 Hands Blass (9–12) 22,567 77–68
146 September 15 @ Phillies 8–3 Walker (13–6) Lersch Giusti (24) 4,802 78–68
147 September 16 @ Phillies 5–3 Moose (11–9) Bunning Lamb (2) 4,418 79–68
148 September 17 @ Phillies 2–3 Short Lamb (0–1) Selma 4,199 79–69
149 September 18 @ Mets 3–2 Blass (10–12) McAndrew Giusti (25) 42,225 80–69
150 September 19 @ Mets 2–1 Walker (14–6) Gentry Gibbon (3) 41,323 81–69
151 September 20 @ Mets 1–4 Koosman Moose (11–10) 81–70
152 September 20 @ Mets 9–5 (10) Giusti (9–3) McGraw 54,806 82–70
153 September 22 Expos 0–1 Stoneman Ellis (12–10) 82–71
154 September 22 Expos 3–1 Veale (10–15) Wegener Gibbon (4) 19,524 83–71
155 September 23 Expos 2–3 Morton Brunet (0–1) Marshall 12,420 83–72
156 September 24 Expos 8–0 Walker (15–6) Renko 14,026 84–72
157 September 25 Mets 4–3 Grant (1–0) Chance Gibbon (5) 41,484 85–72
158 September 26 Mets 4–3 Grant (2–0) Herbel 34,311 86–72
159 September 27 Mets 2–1 Ellis (13–10) McAndrew Giusti (26) 50,469 87–72
160 September 29 @ Cardinals 7–2 Dal Canton (9–4) Gibson Lamb (3) 13,232 88–72
161 September 30 @ Cardinals 3–4 Briles Grant (2–1) 8,084 88–73
October: 1–0 (Home: 0–0; Away: 1–0)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
162 October 1 @ Cardinals 9–5 Brunet (1–1) Cleveland Acosta (1) 8,457 89–73
Legend:        = Win        = Loss
Bold = Pirates team member

Opening Day lineup

Opening Day Starters
# Name Position
18 Matty Alou CF
20 Richie Hebner 3B
21 Roberto Clemente RF
8 Willie Stargell LF
16 Al Oliver 1B
14 Gene Alley SS
12 Jerry May C
9 Bill Mazeroski 2B
28 Steve Blass SP

[9]

Notable transactions

Roster

1970 Pittsburgh Pirates
Roster
Pitchers Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders

Other batters

Manager

Coaches

Postseason

National League Championship Series

The Cincinnati Reds won the series, three games to none, over the Pirates.

Game Score Date Location Attendance
1 Cincinnati – 3, Pittsburgh – 0 October 3 Three Rivers Stadium 33,088
2 Cincinnati – 3, Pittsburgh – 1 October 4 Three Rivers Stadium 39,317
3 Pittsburgh – 2, Cincinnati – 3 October 5 Riverfront Stadium 40,538

Statistics

Batting

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Awards and honors

1970 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

Farm system

Level Team League Manager
AAA Columbus Jets International League Joe Morgan
AA Waterbury Pirates Eastern League Red Davis
A Salem Rebels Carolina League Billy Klaus
A Gastonia Pirates Western Carolinas League Ed Hobaugh
A-Short Season Niagara Falls Pirates New York–Penn League Irv Noren
Rookie GCL Pirates Gulf Coast League Dick Cole
Rookie GCL Tourists Gulf Coast League Ed Napoleon

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Waterbury

Notes

  1. ^ From 1882–1906, the team played in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, which became annexed by Pittsburgh as the North Side in 1907.
  2. ^ "Pirates tickets, merchandise, news and more... The Official Site of The Pittsburgh Pirates: History: Pirates Uniforms and Logos". Archived from the original on August 10, 2007.
  3. ^ The Best Game Ever, Preface, p.xiii, Jim Reisler, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2007, ISBN  978-0-7867-1943-3
  4. ^ Danny Murtaugh
  5. ^ Dave Giusti at "Baseball Almanac"
  6. ^ Bo Belinsky at Baseball Reference
  7. ^ Dock Ellis No Hitter
  8. ^ ESPN.com – Page2 – The List: Baseball's biggest rumors
  9. ^ 1970 Opening Day lineup at "Baseball-Almanac"
  10. ^ a b Al McBean at Baseball Reference
  11. ^ Dave Parker at Baseball Reference
  12. ^ Ed Ott at Baseball Almanac
  13. ^ a b Orlando Pena at Baseball Almanac
  14. ^ Chuck Hartenstein at Baseball-Reference
  15. ^ George Brunet at Baseball Almanac
  16. ^ Dave Ricketts at Baseball Almanac
  17. ^ Mudcat Grant at Baseball Almanac
  18. ^ "Major League Baseball Regular Season Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  19. ^ "Major League Baseball Postseason Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  20. ^ "Major League Baseball Regular Season Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  21. ^ "Major League Baseball Postseason Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2016.

References