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93 seats in the 24th Legislative Assembly of Quebec 47 seats were needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1956 Quebec general election was held on June 20, 1956, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis, won re-election, defeating the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Georges-Émile Lapalme. [1]
This was the fifth and final time (and the fourth in a row) that Duplessis led his party to a general election victory. No party has since been able to win more than three elections in a row. Duplessis died in office in 1959.[ citation needed]
It was Lapalme's second (and final) loss in a row as Liberal leader. The Liberals did not manage to improve on their performance in the previous 1952 election.[ citation needed]
An Act passed in 1954 provided for the creation of the new electoral district of Jonquière-Kénogami for the next election, which was carved out from Chicoutimi and Lac-Saint-Jean. [2]
The Liberals and the Union des électeurs pooled their resources to conduct a joint campaign against the UN in at least 50 ridings. [3] [4] They collaborated to such a degree that in February 1956 the Liberal MPP René Hamel had proposed a motion espousing social credit theory in the Assembly, and a joint rally was held in May 1956 in Shawinigan to mark that event. [5] While the strategy was viewed within the parties as a means to maximize their strength in opposing the UN, the electorate tended to view it as being confusing, [3] while the Montreal Gazette called it "an irresponsible alliance". [6] There were also Liberals in the old guard that wanted the UN to win. [7]
The Liberals supported four UdE and two Nationalist candidates, [8] respectively running as Liberals and Independents, of which none won: [9]
One observer noted, "The Union Nationale’s strongly entrenched position could not be seriously challenged unless a united front was formed of all opposing groups." [12] The UN chose to campaign on Quebec's right to fiscal autonomy, the party's accomplishments and the future of Ungava, [3] while the Liberals' chances were restrained by their alliance with the UdE (while shutting out the Parti social démocratique), the choice of Chaloult and Laporte not to identify themselves as Liberal candidates, and the party's tendency to side with Ottawa's centralizing policies. [12] The UN correctly assumed that Quebec voters, when given a choice, would prefer a nationalist policy over a social one. [12]
Candidates | UN | Lib | PSD | Lab-Pr | Ind | I-Lib | I-UN | Lab | UN-Lab | CF | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 50 | 49 | 1 | 100 | |||||||
3 | 20 | 20 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 60 | |||
4 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 52 | ||
5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 25 | ||
6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12 | |||
7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | |||||
8 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 16 | ||
Total | 93 | 91 | 26 | 32 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 272 |
Political party | Party leader | MPPs | Votes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidates | 1952 | 1956 | ± | # | ± | % | ± (pp) | |||
Union Nationale | Maurice Duplessis | 93 | 68 | 72 | 4 | 956,082 | 108,099 | 51.80% | 1.30 | |
Liberal | Georges-Émile Lapalme | 92 | 23 | 20 | 3 | 828,264 | 59,725 | 44.87% | 0.90 | |
Social Democratic | Thérèse Casgrain | 26 | – | – | – | 11,232 | 4,807 | 0.61% | 0.35 | |
Labor–Progressive | Gui Caron | 32 | – | – | – | 6,517 | 2,585 | 0.35% | 0.12 | |
Other candidates | ||||||||||
█ Independent | 7 | 1 | 1 | 33,205 | 19,359 | 1.80% | 0.98 | |||
█ Independent-Liberal | 7 | – | – | – | 4,438 | 528 | 0.24% | 0.06 | ||
█ Independent-Unionist | 10 | – | – | – | 4,108 | 9,089 | 0.22% | 0.57 | ||
█ Labour | 3 | – | – | – | 1,274 | 247 | 0.07% | 0.01 | ||
█ Union Nationale-Labour | 1 | – | – | – | 516 | New | 0.03% | New | ||
█ Capital familial | 1 | – | – | – | 93 | New | 0.01% | New | ||
Total | 272 | 92 | 93 | 1,845,729 | 100% | |||||
Rejected ballots | 28,781 | 3,133 | ||||||||
Voter turnout | 1,874,510 | 169,599 | 78.32 | 2.44 | ||||||
Registered electors | 2,393,360 | 146,362 |
Riding | Winning party | Turnout [a 1] |
Votes | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | 1952 | Party | Votes | Share | Margin # |
Margin % |
UN | Lib | PSD | Lab-Pr | Ind | I-Lib | I-UN | Lab | Other | Total | |||
Abitibi-Est | UN | UN | 13,967 | 53.94% | 2,200 | 8.50% | 81.31% | 13,967 | 11,767 | – | – | – | – | – | 160 | – | 25,894 | ||
Abitibi-Ouest | UN | Lib | 6,207 | 50.66% | 161 | 1.31% | 89.27% | 6,046 | 6,207 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,253 | ||
Argenteuil | UN | UN | 7,153 | 55.54% | 1,427 | 11.08% | 86.07% | 7,153 | 5,726 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,879 | ||
Arthabaska | UN | UN | 10,189 | 54.74% | 1,765 | 9.48% | 92.72% | 10,189 | 8,424 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18,613 | ||
Bagot | UN | UN | 5,696 | 61.46% | 2,124 | 22.92% | 90.76% | 5,696 | 3,572 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9,268 | ||
Beauce | UN | UN | 13,432 | 56.66% | 3,158 | 13.32% | 88.52% | 13,432 | 10,274 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 23,706 | ||
Beauharnois | UN | UN | 11,928 | 58.31% | 3,450 | 16.87% | 87.96% | 11,928 | 8,478 | – | 50 | – | – | – | – | – | 20,456 | ||
Bellechasse | UN | UN | 6,243 | 57.89% | 1,702 | 15.78% | 82.86% | 6,243 | 4,541 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10,784 | ||
Berthier | UN | UN | 7,123 | 56.17% | 1,565 | 12.34% | 90.30% | 7,123 | 5,558 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,681 | ||
Bonaventure | UN | Lib | 8,551 | 52.68% | 869 | 5.35% | 84.06% | 7,682 | 8,551 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16,233 | ||
Brome | UN | Lib | 3,274 | 51.66% | 245 | 3.87% | 83.36% | 3,029 | 3,274 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6,338 | ||
Chambly | UN | Lib | 20,031 | 49.43% | 767 | 1.89% | 76.45% | 19,264 | 20,031 | 877 | 150 | – | 205 | – | – | – | 40,527 | ||
Champlain | UN | UN | 12,579 | 58.93% | 3,814 | 17.87% | 90.32% | 12,579 | 8,765 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21,344 | ||
Charlevoix | UN | UN | 7,729 | 60.37% | 2,655 | 20.74% | 87.17% | 7,729 | 5,074 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,803 | ||
Châteauguay | UN | UN | 5,936 | 57.10% | 1,477 | 14.21% | 85.59% | 5,936 | 4,459 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10,395 | ||
Chicoutimi | UN | UN | 19,103 | 67.22% | 9,788 | 34.44% | 87.25% | 19,103 | 9,315 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 28,418 | ||
Compton | UN | Lib | 5,542 | 51.41% | 401 | 3.72% | 85.72% | 5,141 | 5,542 | 98 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10,781 | ||
Deux-Montagnes | UN | UN | 8,133 | 72.31% | 5,162 | 45.90% | 83.43% | 8,133 | 2,971 | 143 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11,247 | ||
Dorchester | UN | UN | 9,569 | 60.74% | 3,385 | 21.49% | 85.40% | 9,569 | 6,184 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15,753 | ||
Drummond | Lib | UN | 13,211 | 53.83% | 1,928 | 7.86% | 91.52% | 13,211 | 11,283 | – | 47 | – | – | – | – | – | 24,541 | ||
Frontenac | Lib | UN | 6,451 | 52.12% | 524 | 4.23% | 89.65% | 6,451 | 5,927 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,378 | ||
Gaspé-Nord | UN | UN | 4,574 | 50.40% | 135 | 1.49% | 84.26% | 4,574 | 4,439 | – | – | 62 | – | – | – | – | 9,075 | ||
Gaspé-Sud | UN | UN | 8,016 | 56.03% | 1,726 | 12.06% | 85.67% | 8,016 | 6,290 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14,306 | ||
Gatineau | UN | UN | 8,206 | 55.96% | 1,748 | 11.92% | 76.32% | 8,206 | 6,458 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14,664 | ||
Hull | UN | Lib | 10,564 | 45.70% | 143 | 0.62% | 83.05% | 10,421 | 10,564 | 157 | 79 | – | – | 1,895 | – | – | 23,116 | ||
Huntingdon | UN | UN | 3,273 | 52.33% | 291 | 4.65% | 84.69% | 3,273 | 2,982 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6,255 | ||
Iberville | UN | UN | 3,903 | 57.22% | 985 | 14.44% | 88.13% | 3,903 | 2,918 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6,821 | ||
Îles-de-la-Madeleine | UN | UN | 2,591 | 56.72% | 614 | 13.44% | 89.09% | 2,591 | 1,977 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,568 | ||
Jacques-Cartier | Lib | Lib | 31,385 | 55.39% | 9,094 | 16.05% | 70.68% | 22,291 | 31,385 | 2,322 | 668 | – | – | – | – | – | 56,666 | ||
Joliette | UN | UN | 11,500 | 64.88% | 5,275 | 29.76% | 86.06% | 11,500 | 6,225 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 17,725 | ||
Jonquière-Kénogami | New | UN | 11,946 | 50.68% | 320 | 1.36% | 88.00% | 11,946 | – | – | – | 11,626 | – | – | – | – | 23,572 | ||
Kamouraska | UN | UN | 6,489 | 58.30% | 1,847 | 16.59% | 81.48% | 6,489 | 4,642 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11,131 | ||
L'Assomption | UN | UN | 7,260 | 55.53% | 1,445 | 11.05% | 87.97% | 7,260 | 5,815 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13,075 | ||
L'Islet | UN | UN | 5,322 | 53.25% | 649 | 6.49% | 86.54% | 5,322 | 4,673 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9,995 | ||
Labelle | UN | UN | 6,717 | 62.07% | 2,658 | 24.56% | 87.41% | 6,717 | 4,059 | – | 46 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,822 | ||
Lac-Saint-Jean | UN | UN | 8,544 | 54.49% | 1,408 | 8.98% | 92.66% | 8,544 | 7,136 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15,680 | ||
Laval | UN | UN | 50,417 | 53.91% | 9,203 | 9.84% | 70.51% | 50,417 | 41,214 | 1,129 | 763 | – | – | – | – | – | 93,523 | ||
Laviolette | UN | UN | 11,848 | 59.46% | 3,769 | 18.91% | 82.94% | 11,848 | 8,079 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19,927 | ||
Lévis | Lib | UN | 12,220 | 54.30% | 2,114 | 9.39% | 90.04% | 12,220 | 10,106 | – | 18 | – | – | 161 | – | – | 22,505 | ||
Lotbinière | UN | UN | 7,052 | 57.23% | 1,781 | 14.45% | 89.41% | 7,052 | 5,271 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,323 | ||
Maisonneuve | Lib | UN | 20,668 | 50.93% | 2,469 | 6.08% | 68.96% | 20,668 | 18,199 | 227 | 176 | 249 | 119 | 941 | – | – | 40,579 | ||
Maskinongé | UN | UN | 5,588 | 57.26% | 1,417 | 14.52% | 93.04% | 5,588 | 4,171 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9,759 | ||
Matane | UN | UN | 10,109 | 57.93% | 2,769 | 15.87% | 84.28% | 10,109 | 7,340 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 17,449 | ||
Matapédia | UN | UN | 7,205 | 54.66% | 1,229 | 9.32% | 86.00% | 7,205 | 5,976 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13,181 | ||
Mégantic | UN | UN | 12,123 | 52.50% | 1,155 | 5.00% | 92.22% | 12,123 | 10,968 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 23,091 | ||
Missisquoi | UN | UN | 7,001 | 56.72% | 1,658 | 13.43% | 86.03% | 7,001 | 5,343 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,344 | ||
Montcalm | UN | UN | 4,585 | 56.67% | 1,079 | 13.34% | 89.26% | 4,585 | 3,506 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,091 | ||
Montmagny | UN | UN | 6,403 | 55.92% | 1,355 | 11.83% | 87.37% | 6,403 | 5,048 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11,451 | ||
Montmorency | UN | UN | 6,628 | 59.53% | 2,165 | 19.44% | 90.72% | 6,628 | 4,463 | – | 43 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,134 | ||
Montréal–Jeanne-Mance | Lib | UN | 29,076 | 49.76% | 3,439 | 5.88% | 66.38% | 29,076 | 25,637 | 334 | 239 | 238 | 1,798 | 91 | 1,025 | – | 58,438 | ||
Montréal-Laurier | UN | UN | 17,154 | 60.26% | 7,491 | 26.31% | 70.86% | 17,154 | – | – | – | 9,663 | 1,652 | – | – | – | 28,469 | ||
Montréal-Mercier | UN | UN | 18,165 | 60.03% | 6,705 | 22.16% | 65.79% | 18,165 | 11,460 | 162 | 383 | – | – | – | 89 | – | 30,259 | ||
Montréal–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce | Lib | Lib | 28,175 | 77.44% | 21,106 | 58.01% | 55.29% | 7,069 | 28,175 | 629 | 510 | – | – | – | – | – | 36,383 | ||
Montréal-Outremont | Lib | Lib | 24,348 | 67.83% | 14,331 | 39.93% | 55.80% | 10,017 | 24,348 | 726 | 802 | – | – | – | – | – | 35,893 | ||
Montréal–Saint-Henri | Lib | Lib | 17,344 | 51.30% | 1,960 | 5.80% | 70.57% | 15,384 | 17,344 | 234 | 156 | – | – | 172 | – | 516 | 33,806 | ||
Montréal–Saint-Jacques | UN | UN | 11,206 | 62.36% | 4,922 | 27.39% | 63.90% | 11,206 | 6,284 | 279 | 200 | – | – | – | – | – | 17,969 | ||
Montréal–Saint-Louis | Lib | Lib | 12,276 | 49.47% | 2,461 | 9.92% | 52.88% | 9,815 | 12,276 | 425 | 649 | – | 1,650 | – | – | – | 24,815 | ||
Montréal–Sainte-Anne | Ind | Ind | 10,520 | 66.01% | 6,432 | 40.36% | 60.75% | 587 | 4,088 | 145 | 167 | 10,520 | – | 429 | – | – | 15,936 | ||
Montréal–Sainte-Marie | Lib | UN | 15,051 | 54.80% | 3,853 | 14.03% | 67.93% | 15,051 | 11,198 | 195 | 172 | 847 | – | – | – | – | 27,463 | ||
Montréal-Verdun | Lib | Lib | 20,175 | 70.12% | 13,361 | 46.43% | 64.50% | 6,814 | 20,175 | 1,785 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 28,774 | ||
Napierville-Laprairie | UN | UN | 7,861 | 53.81% | 1,166 | 7.98% | 89.28% | 7,861 | 6,695 | – | 52 | – | – | – | – | – | 14,608 | ||
Nicolet | UN | UN | 8,498 | 59.33% | 2,673 | 18.66% | 86.53% | 8,498 | 5,825 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14,323 | ||
Papineau | UN | UN | 11,164 | 56.21% | 2,467 | 12.42% | 87.78% | 11,164 | 8,697 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19,861 | ||
Pontiac | UN | UN | 6,201 | 71.83% | 3,769 | 43.66% | 79.30% | 6,201 | 2,432 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,633 | ||
Portneuf | UN | UN | 12,810 | 60.72% | 4,523 | 21.44% | 87.52% | 12,810 | 8,287 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21,097 | ||
Québec-Centre | UN | UN | 10,983 | 60.18% | 3,715 | 20.36% | 81.48% | 10,983 | 7,268 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18,251 | ||
Québec-Comté | Lib | UN | 21,272 | 56.22% | 5,047 | 13.34% | 85.59% | 21,272 | 16,225 | – | 63 | – | – | 280 | – | – | 37,840 | ||
Québec-Est | Lib | UN | 20,173 | 55.47% | 4,090 | 11.25% | 85.85% | 20,173 | 16,083 | – | 112 | – | – | – | – | – | 36,368 | ||
Québec-Ouest | Lib | Lib | 10,073 | 50.40% | 158 | 0.79% | 82.76% | 9,915 | 10,073 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19,988 | ||
Richelieu | Lib | UN | 9,552 | 54.28% | 1,590 | 9.03% | 89.78% | 9,552 | 7,962 | 66 | 19 | – | – | – | – | – | 17,599 | ||
Richmond | Lib | Lib | 9,470 | 51.49% | 742 | 4.03% | 90.47% | 8,728 | 9,470 | – | 194 | – | – | – | – | – | 18,392 | ||
Rimouski | UN | Lib | 9,911 | 51.05% | 408 | 2.10% | 85.03% | 9,503 | 9,911 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19,414 | ||
Rivière-du-Loup | UN | Lib | 8,623 | 51.24% | 556 | 3.30% | 87.88% | 8,067 | 8,623 | – | – | – | – | 139 | – | – | 16,829 | ||
Roberval | UN | UN | 10,903 | 52.50% | 1,038 | 5.00% | 88.94% | 10,903 | 9,865 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 20,768 | ||
Rouville | UN | UN | 5,277 | 52.84% | 567 | 5.68% | 87.54% | 5,277 | 4,710 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9,987 | ||
Rouyn-Noranda | UN | Lib | 7,561 | 51.16% | 1,007 | 6.81% | 84.35% | 6,554 | 7,561 | 665 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14,780 | ||
Saguenay | UN | UN | 10,899 | 58.60% | 3,198 | 17.19% | 75.91% | 10,899 | 7,701 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18,600 | ||
Saint-Hyacinthe | UN | Lib | 9,965 | 51.67% | 669 | 3.47% | 83.85% | 9,296 | 9,965 | – | 24 | – | – | – | – | – | 19,285 | ||
Saint-Jean | UN | UN | 8,279 | 56.17% | 1,901 | 12.90% | 85.62% | 8,279 | 6,378 | 55 | 27 | – | – | – | – | – | 14,739 | ||
Saint-Maurice | Lib | Lib | 13,851 | 51.37% | 741 | 2.75% | 90.44% | 13,110 | 13,851 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 26,961 | ||
Saint-Sauveur | UN | UN | 16,117 | 68.77% | 8,862 | 37.81% | 87.43% | 16,117 | 7,255 | – | 64 | – | – | – | – | – | 23,436 | ||
Shefford | Lib | UN | 11,534 | 53.59% | 1,627 | 7.56% | 85.31% | 11,534 | 9,907 | – | 82 | – | – | – | – | – | 21,523 | ||
Sherbrooke | UN | UN | 16,588 | 55.30% | 3,438 | 11.46% | 78.62% | 16,588 | 13,150 | 73 | 185 | – | – | – | – | – | 29,996 | ||
Stanstead | UN | UN | 7,815 | 50.26% | 81 | 0.52% | 82.63% | 7,815 | 7,734 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15,549 | ||
Témiscamingue | Lib | UN | 4,078 | 50.83% | 133 | 1.66% | 86.26% | 4,078 | 3,945 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,023 | ||
Témiscouata | UN | UN | 6,299 | 59.35% | 1,985 | 18.70% | 85.36% | 6,299 | 4,314 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10,613 | ||
Terrebonne | UN | UN | 20,984 | 57.57% | 5,704 | 15.65% | 85.34% | 20,984 | 15,280 | 107 | 77 | – | – | – | – | – | 36,448 | ||
Trois-Rivières | UN | UN | 16,263 | 61.73% | 6,327 | 24.02% | 88.23% | 16,263 | 9,936 | – | 52 | – | – | – | – | 93 | 26,344 | ||
Vaudreuil-Soulanges | UN | UN | 7,681 | 51.00% | 370 | 2.46% | 85.94% | 7,681 | 7,311 | 70 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15,062 | ||
Verchères | Lib | UN | 5,104 | 53.06% | 627 | 6.52% | 89.67% | 5,104 | 4,477 | 39 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9,620 | ||
Westmount–Saint-Georges | Lib | Lib | 13,808 | 80.05% | 10,870 | 63.02% | 51.26% | 2,938 | 13,808 | 255 | 248 | – | – | – | – | – | 17,249 | ||
Wolfe | Lib | UN | 4,058 | 50.31% | 50 | 0.62% | 93.33% | 4,058 | 4,008 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,066 | ||
Yamaska | UN | UN | 4,736 | 66.22% | 2,320 | 32.44% | 85.90% | 4,736 | 2,416 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7,152 |
Party in 1st place | Party in 2nd place | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UN | Lib | Ind | |||
Union Nationale | 70 | 2 | 72 | ||
Liberal | 20 | 20 | |||
Independent | 1 | 1 | |||
Total | 20 | 71 | 2 | 93 |
Parties | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
█ Union Nationale | 72 | 20 | 1 | 93 | ||
█ Liberal | 20 | 71 | 92 | |||
█ Independent | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | |
█ Social Democratic | 16 | 6 | 2 | 24 | ||
█ Labor–Progressive | 13 | 11 | 5 | 29 | ||
█ Independent UN | 5 | 3 | 1 | 9 | ||
█ Independent Liberal | 3 | 2 | 5 | |||
█ Labour | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||
█ UN-Labour | 1 | 1 | ||||
█ Capital familial | 1 | 1 |
Source | Party | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UN | Lib | Ind | Total | ||
Seats retained | Incumbents returned | 55 | 9 | 1 | 65 |
Open seats held | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||
Seats changing hands | Incumbents defeated | 9 | 6 | 15 | |
Incumbents defeated - previous incumbents returned | 3 | 3 | |||
Open seats gained | 1 | 4 | 5 | ||
New ridings | New MPP elected | 1 | 1 | ||
Total | 72 | 20 | 1 | 93 |