With no aircraft left on order and no prospects for new orders, the
Curtiss-Wright Corporation closes down its Aeroplane Division and sells all of its aircraft designs, projects, prototypes, and factories to
North American Aviation.[3]
Early 1951 – The
Royal Navy embarks a helicopter unit on an aircraft carrier for the first time, aboard
HMS Indomitable.[4]
January
U.S. Navy aircraft from the aircraft carriers of
Task Force 77 provide support to
United Nations troops fighting on the front line in
Korea, including long-range interdiction, emergency close air support, and air cover for landings and evacuations.[5]
January 1
The
United States Air Force reestablishes the
Air Defense Command. It also returns the Air Defense Command to the status of a major command, a status it has not held since December 1948.[6]
The last remaining assets of
Deutsche Luft Hansa are liquidated. The airline had been dissolved in 1945. The later German airline
Lufthansa will have no legal connection to it.
On a flight in the privately owned
P-51 MustangExcalibur III to investigate the
jet stream, U.S. Navy
CaptainCharles F. Blair, Jr., sets a record for a piston-engine aircraft by flying nonstop 3,478 miles (5,597 km) from
New York City to
London,
England, in 7 hours 48 minutes at an average speed of 446 mph (718 km/h).
The month ends as the worst for the
United Nations forces in Korea in terms of air losses, with 44 U.N. aircraft lost to enemy ground fire alone. More than 600 American aircraft have been lost in air-to-air combat or due to enemy ground fire since the Korean War began in June 1950.[16]
February 3 – The
Air FranceDouglas DC-4-1009Ciel de Savoie (registration F-BBDO) drifts off course during a flight from
Douala Airport in
Douala,
French Cameroons, to
Niamey Airport in
Niamey,
Niger, while approaching the mountains of
British Cameroons. Flying into the sun, the crew fails to realize that they are on a collision course with
Mount Cameroon (4,070 meters (13,350 feet). In the final seconds before impact, the pilot sees the mountain ahead and makes a sharp left turn, but the DC-4's left wing strikes the rising terrain and the aircraft crashes into the mountain at an altitude of 2,591 meters (8,501 feet), killing all 29 people on board.[18]
February 26 – U.S. Navy carrier aircraft of
Task Force 77 begin 38 consecutive days of attacks on enemy railroads and highways along the east coast of Korea.[20]
March
The United States Navy
tank landing shipUSS LST-799, fitted with a miniature flight deck, begins operations off
Wonsan, Korea, with a detachment of two
HO3S helicopters from Utility Helicopter Squadron 1 (UH-1). She becomes the first U.S. Navy ship to operate in the role of a helicopter carrier.[21]
March 3 – The second strike by VA-195 against the Kilchu railroad bridge destroys one span, damages another span, and shifts two more spans out of line.
Rear AdmiralRalph A. Ofstie, commanding
Task Force 77, dubs the target "Carlson's Canyon."[27]
March 6 – The
Martin aircraft company gains production rights to the English Electric Canberra as the
B-57.
March 7 – VA-195 makes its third strike against the railroad bridge in "Carlson's Canyon," dropping the northernmost of the two spans it had shifted in its March 3 attack.[27]
VA-195 makes its fourth strike against the railroad bridge in "Carlson's Canyon," destroying some wooden replacement spans, dropping a span at the southern end, and damaging the northern approach. Later in the month, U.S. Air Force
B-29 Superfortresses seed the valley floor with long-time-delay bombs.[29]
Flying a U.S. Navy
F9F Panther of Fighter Squadron 191 (VF-191) from the aircraft carrier
USS Princeton (CV-37),
Ensign Floryan "Frank" Sobieski is blinded by enemy ground fire over Korea. Guided and encouraged by his
wingman,
Lieutenant, junior grade, Pat Murphy, and assisted by Princeton's
landing signal officer, Sobieski lands safely aboard Princeton without being able to see. He later recovers full vision.[30]
The United States Navy has activated 13 aircraft carriers from the
National Defense Reserve Fleet to bolster its capabilities during the Korean War.[34]
April 1 – U.S. Navy carrier-based jets are used as fighter-bombers for the first time as
F9F Panthers of Fighter Squadron 191 (VF-191) aboard
USS Princeton (CV-37) attack a railroad bridge near
Songjin, Korea, with 100- and 250-pound (45- and 113-kg) bombs.[30]
April 2 – The fifth and sixth strikes by U.S. Navy
Attack Squadron 195 (VA-195) against the almost-rebuilt railroad bridge in "Carlson's Canyon" at
Kilchu, Korea, leave only the concrete bridge piers standing. VA-195's campaign has defeated enemy attempts to repair the bridge. However, the North Koreans have built a bypass road with eight new bridges that are harder to hit and easier to repair, and keep their supplies moving, and VA-195 gives up on further strikes. VA-195's attacks on the bridge will inspire the 1953
novellaThe Bridges at Toko-ri by
James Michener and the 1954
movie of the same name based on it.[24][35]
April 4 – U.S. Navy aircraft carriers of
Task Force 77 conclude 38 consecutive days of aerial interdiction in Korea, during which their aviators have claimed the destruction of 54 railroad and 37 highway bridges and to have ruptured railroad tracks in 200 other places. The railroad system along the east coast of North Korea has been reduced from carrying two-thirds to carrying one-third of North Korean and Chinese supplies since the attacks began on February 25.[36]
April 21 – Four
Yak-9 fighters attack two
U.S. Marine CorpsF4U Corsairs of Marine Fighter Squadron 312 (VMF-312) near
Chinnampo, Korea. Marine Captain Philip C. DeLong shoots down two of them, while his
wingman, Lieutenant H. Deigh, destroys one and damages the fourth.[42]
April 26 – Testing of the prototype of the Northrop YRB-49A, the reconnaissance version of the
Northrop YB-49 jet-powered
flying wing bomber, ends abruptly after 13 flights, bringing the U.S. Air Force's YB-49 program to an end. The YRB-49A then is flown from
Edwards Air Force Base, California, to the
Northrop Corporation′s facility at
Ontario International Airport in
Ontario, California, where it lay abandoned at the edge of the airfield until scrapped in 1954.[43]
April 28 –
United Airlines Flight 129, a Douglas DC-3A-197 (registration N16088), aborts its approach to land at
Baer Field/Fort Wayne Municipal Airport in
Fort Wayne,
Indiana, after a severe thunderstorm with heavy rain, winds of 60 to 65 mph (97 to 105 km/h)r) and gusts of up to 85 mph (137 km/h) strikes. Shortly thereafter, it encounters a severe downdraft that causes it to crash in a wooded area, killing all 11 people on board.[44]
April 30 – Six aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier
USS Princeton (CV-37) attack the
Hwachon Dam, attempting to destroy its
sluice gates to prevent North Korea from shutting them and allowing the
Pukhan River below to dry up so that North Korean and Chinese troops could cross the riverbed. Dropping one 2,000-pound (910 kg) bomb each, they punch a hole in the dam but miss the sluice gates.[45]
May
May 1 – The only combat use of
torpedoes during the
Korean War occurs when
U.S. NavyAD Skyraiders of Attack Squadron 195 (VA-195) from
USS Princeton (CV-37), escorted by
F4U Corsairs of Fighter Squadrons 192 and 193 (VF-192 and VF-193) from the same carrier, attack the
Hwachon Dam with torpedoes, wrecking the center
sluice gate and flooding the
Pukhan River. All aircraft return safely. It is the only occasion on which naval aircraft have used torpedoes to attack a dam.[45][46] No aerial torpedo attack has been conducted by any country since.[47]
June 5 – The U.S. Air Force,
Navy, and
Marine Corps begin
Operation Strangle, a day-and-night air interdiction campaign against enemy roads, bridges, and tunnels across the width of the
Korean Peninsula between 38 degrees 15 minutes North and 39 degrees 15 minutes North. It will continue until February 1952, but without the success hoped for it.[52]
June 9 – Freddie Bosworth, the founder of
Gulf Aviation, the forerunner of
Gulf Air, is killed during a demonstration flight at
Croydon,
England, while preparing for the introduction of the
de Havilland Dove into service with the airline.
July 3 – United States Navy Lieutenant junior grade
John K. Koelsch and his crewman, Aviation Mate Third Class George M. Neal, are shot down in an
HO3S helicopter by enemy ground fire while trying to rescue United States Marine Corps Captain James V. Wilkins, who had been shot down behind enemy lines and was badly burned. Koelsch and Neal rig a litter to carry Wilkins out of the area, but eventually are captured on July 12, and Koelsch dies on October 16, 1951, while in captivity. For his actions, Koelsch posthumously becomes the first helicopter pilot to receive the
Medal of Honor.[59]
July 12 – A
Lóide Aéreo NacionalDouglas C-47B-13-DK Skytrain (registration PP-LPG) abandons a landing attempt in adverse weather at
Aracaju Airport in
Aracaju,
Brazil, overflies the runway, and crashes after beginning a right turn, killing all 33 people on board. At the time, it is the second-deadliest aviation accident in Brazilian history and the third-deadliest worldwide involving any variant of the
Douglas DC-3.[60]
August 22 – The aircraft carrier
USS Essex (CV-9) joins
Task Force 77 off the northeast coast of Korea. Embarked aboard Essex is Fighter Squadron 172 (VF-172), equipped with
F2H-2 Banshee fighters. It is the first deployment of the Banshee to a war zone.[64]
August 25 – For the first time in the
Korean War, U.S. Navy fighters escort U.S. Air Force
B-29 Superfortress bombers as
F9F Panthers of Fighter Squadron 51 (VF-51) and
F2H-2 Banshees of Fighter Squadron 172 (VF-172) from the aircraft carrier
USS Essex (CV-9) cover B-29s on a raid on
Rashin, Korea. They encounter no enemy aircraft.[65]
In Operation Windmill II, Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) lifts 12,180 pounds (5,520 kg) of equipment to a U.S. Marine Corps unit on the front line in Korea in 18 flights over the course of one hour, using Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters.[68]
September 15 – A stunt plane piloted by
United States Air ForceFirst Lieutenant Norman Jones
crashes into the crowd at the Fall Festival Day
air show in
Flagler,
Colorado, when Jones attempts a loop or slow roll (sources differ) from an altitude of 200 feet (61 meters). Jones, six other adults, and 13 children die in the second-deadliest air show accident in U.S. history.[69][70]
September 17 – A
Real Transportes Aéreos Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration PP-YPX) disappears during a domestic flight in Brazil from
Santos Dumont Airport in
Rio de Janeiro to Congonhas Airport in São Paulo with the loss of all 10 people on board. Its wreckage is discovered two days later near
Ubatuba.[71]
September 21 – In Operation Summit, the U.S. Marine Corps makes the world's first mass combat deployment by helicopter, when Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) uses 12 Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters to land 224[68] or 228[72] U.S. Marines and 17,772 pounds (8,061 kg) of equipment onto Hill 844 near
Kansong, Korea.[68][72]
September 27
In Operation Blackbird, the U.S. Marine Corps makes the world's first nighttime combat troop lift by helicopter and the only large-scale night helicopter lift of the Korean War, when Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) uses Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters to land 223 U.S. Marines in a
landing zone in Korea in 2 hours 20 minutes.[73]
September 28 – The U.S. Marine Corps loses a transport helicopter operationally for the first time in history when a Sikorsky HRS-1 of Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) is destroyed in a crash during a night training flight in Korea. All three men on board escape without injury.[73]
Based on information supplied by Korean guerrillas, eight
AD Skyraiders from U.S. Navy Fighter Squadron 54 (VF-54) attack a meeting place of Communist leaders in
Kapsan, North Korea, with 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs and
napalm. Intelligence evaluation indicates that 500 Communists are killed.[76][77]
October 11 – In Operation Bumble Bee, 12
Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters of
Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) relieve an entire U.S. Marine Corps
battalion on the front line in Korea, with each helicopter carrying six Marines at a time 15 miles (24 km) to the front and bringing six Marines at a time out to the rear area on the return trip. In under six hours, they transport a total of 958 Marines.[73]
October 15
In Operation Wedge, Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters of the U.S. Marine Corps's Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) supply a surrounded
South Korean Army unit with 19,000 pounds (8,600 kg) of ammunition and evacuate 24 casualties.[73]
October 18 – The
Government of Colombia changes the name of
Colombia′s national
civil aviation authority from the Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics to the National Department of Civil Aeronautics and resubordinates it from the Ministry of War to the Ministry of Public Works.
October 22
In Operation Bushbeater, the U.S. Marine Corps makes the first use of
vertical envelopment tactics when patrol teams of the
1st Marine Division use 40-foot (12-meter)-long knotted ropes to descend from Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters of Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) in Korea. Two of the helicopters lose lift over rough terrain and crash, but no one aboard is injured.[85]
October 23 – Ten U.S. Air Force
Boeing B-29 Superfortresses attack an airfield in North Korea; three are shot down, four make emergency landings in South Korea, and three badly damaged aircraft return to Okinawa. It is the last daylight combat mission flown by the B-29.
October 27 – Just after takeoff from
Santa Elena Airport in
Flores,
Guatemala, a cabin fire breaks out aboard a
Guatemalan Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registration FAG0961) carrying 25 radio reporters to a military event. The aircraft crashes, killing 26 of the 28 people on board.[88]
Thanks to wartime mobilization of
United States Naval Reserve aviators, 75 percent of U.S. Navy Korean War sorties are being flown by Naval Reserve personnel.[90]
November 15 – After a
LOT Polish AirlinesLisunov Li-2P (registration SP-LKA) experiences engine trouble, its pilot decides not to take off from
Łódź-Lublinek Airport in
Łódź,
Poland, for a flight to
Kraków. Officers of the
Polish government's Department of Security force him to take off anyway, and the plane crashes southeast of the airport soon after takeoff, killing all 18 people on board.[92]
November 30 – On a single mission, U.S. Air Force
F-86 Sabre pilot
George A. Davis, Jr., attacks nine
Tupolev Tu-2 (
NATO reporting name "Bat") bombers over the mouth of the
Yalu River and shoots down three of them in three passes, then shoots down a MiG-15 over
Korea Bay that had been pursuing another F-86 and lands at
Kimpo Airport with only five U.S. gallons (4.2 Imperial gallons; 19 liters) of fuel remaining. The four kills make him the fifth U.S. ace of the Korean War. With seven kills of Japanese aircraft during
World War II, he becomes the first U.S. pilot to become an ace in two wars. The day's victories also make him a double ace and an ace in both piston-engine aircraft and jet,[95] and losses among the Tu-2 formation prompt the
Chinese Air Force to abandon bombing raids for the rest of the Korean War.
December 16 – A fire breaks out in the right engine nacelle of a
Miami AirlineCurtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando (registration N1678M) as it takes off from
Newark Airport. As the plane attempts to return to the airport, it strikes a vacant house and a brick storage building in
Elizabeth,
New Jersey, and comes to rest inverted and partially submerged in shallow water along the bank of the
Elizabeth River, after which a severe
gasoline fire breaks out and spreads to the brick building. The crash and fire kill all 56 people on board and seriously injure one person on the ground. At the time, it is the second-deadliest aviation accident in United States history and the second-deadliest accident involving any variant of the C-46.[99]
December 30 – A U.S. Air Force Douglas VC-47D Skytrain crashes in mountainous terrain 56 kilometers (35 miles) north of
Globe,
Arizona, killing all 28 people on board.[104]
December 31 – The U.S. Air Force's
Strategic Air Command has an inventory of 1,165 aircraft, including 658 bombers.[105]
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