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The following lists events that happened during 1939 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Incumbents
- General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union – Mikhail Kalinin
- Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – Vyacheslav Molotov
Events
- March 10–21 – 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
- May 11 – September 16 – Battles of Khalkhin Gol
- August 19 – German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)
- August 23 – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
- September 17-October 6 – Soviet invasion of Poland
- September 28 – Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty, also amendment to the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty
- October 5 – Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
- October 10 – Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
- November 26 – Shelling of Mainila
Births
- May 19 – Kateryna Boloshkevich, Ukrainian weaver and statesperson (d. 2018)
- August 16 – Valery Ryumin, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2022)
- September 7 – Stanislav Petrov, Soviet Air Defence Forces official
- September 17 – Vladimir Menshov, actor and film director (d. 2021)
Deaths
- February 2 – Vladimir Shukhov, engineer.
- February 22 – Grigory Khakhanyan, corps commander.
- February 23
- Pyotr Smirnov, naval officer and politician.
- Alexander Ilyich Yegorov, army officer.
- February 26
- Stanislav Kosior, politician.
- Vlas Chubar, politician.
- Pavel Postyshev, politician.
- Ivan Fedko, army officer.
- March 3 – Georgy Bazilevich, corps commander.
- March 7 – Matvei Berman, security officer.
- March 10 – Georgy Bondar, corps commander.
- April 1 – Anton Makarenko, educator and writer.
- May 19 – Karl Radek, politician.
- May 21 – Grigori Sokolnikov, economist and politician.
- September 11 – Konstantin Korovin, painter.