In 1924 the improvised solo had become an integral part of most jazz performances[2]
Jazz was becoming increasingly popular in New Orleans, Kansas City, Chicago and New York City and 1924 was something of a benchmark of jazz being seen as a serious musical form.[3][4]John Alden Carpenter insisted that jazz was now 'our contemporary popular music',[5] and
Irving Berlin made a statement that jazz was the "rhythmic beat of our everyday lives" and the music's "swiftness is interpretive of our verve and speed".
Leopold Stokowski, the conductor of the
Philadelphia Orchestra in 1924, publicly embraced jazz as a musical art form and praised jazz musicians.[6] In 1924,
George Gershwin wrote Rhapsody in Blue, widely regarded as one of the finest compositions of the 20th century,[7] saying he conceived it "as a sort of musical kaleidoscope of America–of our vast melting pot, of our incomparable national pep, our blues, our metropolitan madness."[8]
Black jazz entrepreneur and producer
Clarence Williams recorded groups in New Orleans, among them
Sidney Bechet and
Louis Armstrong.[2] Williams moved from New Orleans to Chicago and opened a record store. In Chicago,
Earl Hines formed a group and incidentally inhabited the neighboring apartment to Armstrong while he was in Chicago.[9] Also in Chicago, trumpeter
Tommy Ladnier begins playing in
King Oliver's band. Bechet moved to New England with Ellington during the summer of 1924, playing dances.
While in 1924 in jazz, ensembles in the
Kansas City area began play a style with a four even beat ground beat as opposed to a New Orleans two beat ground beat behind a 4/4 melody,[9] European jazz included a fox trot by the Swiss composer Frank Martin for the Marionette Theatre in Paris.[10]
Charlie Parker grew up in Kansas City listening to this style of jazz. In 1924,
Django Reinhardt became a guitarist and began playing the clubs of Paris.[9] Noted Classic Blues singer
Bessie Smith began to achieve major fame.[9]
Events
5 February: Louis Armstrong marries pianist and composer
Lil Hardin.[9]
June: Armstrong quits the Oliver band upon the request of his wife much to his dismay and is later rejected by Sammy Stewart because he "wasn't dicty enough".[9]
July:
Meyer Davis was reportedly offered a hundred dollars to come up with a new name for "jazz". Concern over the name disappeared by the end of 1924 and did not resurface until 1949 when Down Beat Magazine ran a $1000 contest in the searching for a new name, remarking that the name "jazz" had lost all significance.[13]
October: Armstrong joins
Fletcher Henderson's band in New York City upon his wife's insistence. They begin performing at the
Roseland Ballroom on 51st street and Broadway in Manhattan.[9] His new style of jazz playing greatly influences the style of other New York musicians such as
Coleman Hawkins and
Duke Ellington.[15] Ellington and his Washingtonians perform at the
Hollywood Club on 49th street and Broadway, whilst Bix Beiderbecke and the Wolverines, renamed
Personality Kids perform at the
Cinderella Ballroom on 41st street and Broadway.
Hoagy Carmichael is much impressed by Beiderbecke and the Wolverines and later states, "I could feel my hands trying to shake and getting cold when I saw Bix getting out his horn. Just four notes...But he didn't blow them; he hit 'em like a mallet hits a chime..."[9]
5 December – A 17-year-old
Jimmy McPartland replaces Beiderbecke in the Wolverines (Personality Kids) band and violinist
Dave Harmon joins.[16] Bix reportedly quietly sat in the back of the club during the audition, later revealing himself with the compliment, "I like ya, kid. Ya sound like me, but you don't copy me." They became friends and roomed together while Bix gave McPartland pointers. At that time, Bix picked out a cornet for McPartland that he then played throughout his career.
"
When My Sugar Walks Down the Street", a "sweet jazz" song written in 1924 by
Gene Austin,
Jimmy McHugh and
Irving Mills.
Victor Talking Machine (later known as
RCA Victor) recorded the song in January 1925. Victor A&R executive
Nathaniel Shilkret selected
Aileen Stanley, a well-known Victor artist, and Austin, then unknown, as the recording artists, accompanied by Shilkret and the Victor Orchestra.[17][18] The recording was very popular and launched Austin's career. Austin estimated his lifetime sales at 80 million records. It was recorded by the Wolverines late in 1924, Duke Ellington, and numerous other artists.
Criticism
Both Europe and the US had critics of jazz in 1924. While the songwriter and music business executive
Arnold Shaw wrote in 1989 that "1924 was a 'hot' year in jazz...",[19] a columnist for The New York Times wrote in 1924 that "Jazz is to real music exactly what most of the 'new poetry,' so-called, is to real poetry. Both are without the structure and form essential to music and poetry alike, and both are the products, not of innovators, but of incompetents."[20] The American composer and critic,
Virgil Thomson, wrote in 1924 that jazz rhythm shakes but doesn't flow; it lacks a climax; and it "never gets anywhere emotionally".[21] Jazz in 1924 was just "popular syncopated music" according to the Austrian composer
Hugo Riesenfeld.[22]
Deaths
Unknown date
Black Benny, New Orleans-based bass drummer (born 1890).
^Shilkret, Nathaniel, ed. Niel Shell and Barbara Shilkret, Nathaniel Shilkret: Sixty Years in the Music Business, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, 2005, pp. 73–74.
ISBN978-0-8108-5128-3