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Asteroid
1685 Toro (
prov. designation : 1948 OA ) is an
asteroid and
near-Earth object of the
Apollo group on an eccentric orbit. It was discovered on 17 July 1948, by American astronomer
Carl Wirtanen at
Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, California.
[3]
[20] The stony
S-type asteroid has a
rotation period of 10.2 hours and measures approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) in diameter. It is named for Betulia Toro Herrick, wife of astronomer
Samuel Herrick .
[2]
Classification and orbit
Toro is an
Apollo asteroid , a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that
cross the orbit of Earth . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8–2.0
AU once every 584 days. Its orbit has an
eccentricity of 0.44 and an
inclination of 9
° with respect to the
ecliptic .
[1]
This asteroid's orbit also shows a
5:8 resonance with Earth
[21] and a near 5:13 resonance with
Venus . This near resonance results from Earth and Venus being in a near 8:13 resonance with each other. It was the third Apollo asteroid to be discovered. The current resonance with Earth will last for only a few thousand years. Calculations show that Toro will leave it in 2960
CE , and that it will enter the region of 5:13 resonance with Venus in 3470
CE . This is because the distance from Earth's orbit will become larger and that from Venus's orbit smaller. A study of long-term stability shows that the alternating resonances will possibly be broken roughly 3 million years from now because of close approaches between Toro and
Mars .
[22]
Based on orbital paths, Toro is the best candidate for the source of the
Sylacauga meteorite , the first meteorite authenticated to have struck a human, Mrs. Ann Hodges of
Sylacauga, Alabama on 30 November 1954.
[23] Toro' s Earth
minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.0507 AU (7,580,000 km),
[1] is just above the 0.05 AU requirement to be listed as a
potentially hazardous asteroid . With an
orbital uncertainty U = 0, its orbit and future close approaches are well determined.
[1]
Naming
This
minor planet was named after the maiden name of Betulia (née Toro) Herrick, wife of American astronomer
Samuel Herrick . Herrick had studied the asteroid's orbit, and requested the name, along with the other asteroid,
1580 Betulia .
[24]
[25] The official
naming citation was published by the
Minor Planet Center on 10 March 1966 (
M.P.C. 2504 ).
[26]
Physical characteristics
In the
Tholen and
SMASS taxonomic scheme, Toro is characterized as a stony
S-type asteroid .
[1] It is reported to be composed of
L chondrite
[27] with a high
albedo in the range of 0.24–0.34. It has an extremely well-measured
rotation period of 10.2 hours.
[7]
[8]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[6] Its rotation period is slowly increasing due to the
YORP effect .
[6]
References
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1685 Toro (1948 OA)" (2021-02-16 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 18 February 2021 .
^
a
b Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1685) Toro".
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p.
134 .
doi :
10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1686 .
ISBN
978-3-540-00238-3 .
^
a
b
"1685 Toro (1948 OA)" . Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 22 December 2016 .
^
a
b
c Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal . 741 (2): 25.
arXiv :
1109.6407 .
Bibcode :
2011ApJ...741...90M .
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 .
S2CID
118700974 .
^
a
b
c Harris, Alan W. (February 1998). "A Thermal Model for Near-Earth Asteroids". Icarus . 131 (2): 291–301.
Bibcode :
1998Icar..131..291H .
doi :
10.1006/icar.1997.5865 .
^
a
b
c
d Ďurech, J.; et al. (2022). "Rotation acceleration of asteroids (10115) 1992 SK, (1685) Toro, and (1620) Geographos due to the YORP effect". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 657 : A5.
arXiv :
2110.06548 .
Bibcode :
2022A&A...657A...5D .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361/202141844 .
S2CID
238744034 .
^
a
b Warner, Brian D. (January 2013).
"Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory: 2012 June - September" (PDF) . Minor Planet Bulletin . 40 (1): 26–29.
Bibcode :
2013MPBu...40...26W .
ISSN
1052-8091 . Retrieved 17 March 2020 .
^
a
b Higgins, David; Pravec, Petr; Kusnirak, Peter; Hornoch, Kamil; Brinsfield, James W.; Allen, Bill; et al. (September 2008).
"Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at Hunters Hill Observatory and Collaborating Stations: November 2007 - March 2008" (PDF) . Minor Planet Bulletin . 35 (3): 123–126.
Bibcode :
2008MPBu...35..123H .
ISSN
1052-8091 . Retrieved 17 March 2020 .
^ Warner, Brian D. (July 2016).
"Near-Earth Asteorid Lightcurve Analysis at CS3-Palmer Divide Station: 2016 January-April" (PDF) . Minor Planet Bulletin . 43 (3): 240–250.
Bibcode :
2016MPBu...43..240W .
ISSN
1052-8091 . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2020 .
^
a
b Torppa, J.; Aksnes, K.; Dai, Z.; Grav, T.; Hahn, G.; Laakso, T.; et al. (August 2005). "Spins and Shapes of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids". American Astronomical Society . 37 : 643.
Bibcode :
2005DPS....37.1526T .
^
a
b De Angelis, G. (May 1995). "Asteroid spin, pole and shape determinations". Planetary and Space Science . 43 (5): 649–682.
Bibcode :
1995P&SS...43..649D .
doi :
10.1016/0032-0633(94)00151-G .
^
a
b Dunlap, J. L.; Gehrels, T.; Howes, M. L. (August 1973).
"Minor planets and related objects. IX. Photometry and polarimetry of (1685) Toro" . Astronomical Journal . 78 : 491.
Bibcode :
1973AJ.....78..491D .
doi :
10.1086/111447 .
^
a
b Higgins, David (January 2011).
"Period Determination of Asteroid Targets Observed at Hunters Hill Observatory: May 2009 - September 2010" (PDF) . Minor Planet Bulletin . 38 (1): 41–46.
Bibcode :
2011MPBu...38...41H .
ISSN
1052-8091 . Retrieved 17 March 2020 .
^
a
b Higgins, David (March 2008).
"Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at Hunters Hill Observatory and Collaborating Stations: April 2007 - June 2007" (PDF) . Minor Planet Bulletin . 35 (1): 30–32.
Bibcode :
2008MPBu...35...30H .
ISSN
1052-8091 . Retrieved 17 March 2020 .
^ Oey, Julian (October 2011).
"Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids from Leura and Kingsgrove Observatory for the Second Half of 2009 and 2010" (PDF) . Minor Planet Bulletin . 38 (4): 221–223.
Bibcode :
2011MPBu...38..221O .
ISSN
1052-8091 . Retrieved 17 March 2020 .
^ Thomas, C. A.; Trilling, D. E.; Emery, J. P.; Mueller, M.; Hora, J. L.; Benner, L. A. M.; et al. (September 2011).
"ExploreNEOs. V. Average Albedo by Taxonomic Complex in the Near-Earth Asteroid Population" . The Astronomical Journal . 142 (3): 12.
Bibcode :
2011AJ....142...85T .
doi :
10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/85 .
^ Thomas, Cristina A.; Emery, Joshua P.; Trilling, David E.; Delbó, Marco; Hora, Joseph L.; Mueller, Michael (January 2014). "Physical characterization of Warm Spitzer-observed near-Earth objects". Icarus . 228 : 217–246.
arXiv :
1310.2000 .
Bibcode :
2014Icar..228..217T .
doi :
10.1016/j.icarus.2013.10.004 .
S2CID
119278697 .
^
a
b
"LCDB Data for (1685) Toro" . Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 22 December 2016 .
^ Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 – Preliminary results". Icarus . 261 : 34–47.
arXiv :
1506.00762 .
Bibcode :
2015Icar..261...34V .
doi :
10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007 .
S2CID
53493339 .
^ Waldemar Kaempffert (26 December 1948).
"Science in Review: Research Work in Astronomy and Cancer Lead Year's List of Scientific Developments" . The New York Times . p. 87.
ISSN
0362-4331 . Retrieved 4 August 2011 .
^ Danielsson, L.; Ip, W.-H. (May 1972). "Capture Resonance of the Asteroid 1685 Toro by the Earth". Science . 176 (4037): 906–907.
Bibcode :
1972Sci...176..906D .
doi :
10.1126/science.176.4037.906 .
PMID
17829299 .
S2CID
45175037 .
^ Williams, J. G.; Wertherill, G. W. (August 1973).
"Minor planets and related objects. XIII. Long-term orbital evolution of (1685) Toro" . Astronomical Journal . 78 : 510.
Bibcode :
1973AJ.....78..510W .
doi :
10.1086/111451 .
^ Povenmire, H. (March 1995). "The Sylacauga, Alabama Meteorite: The Impact Locations, Atmosphere Trajectory, Strewn Field and Radiant". Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 26 : 1133.
Bibcode :
1995LPI....26.1133P .
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1580) Betulia".
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p.
125 .
doi :
10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1581 .
ISBN
978-3-540-00238-3 .
^
"Samuel Herrick, Engineering; Astronomy: Los Angeles" . Calisphere – University of California . Retrieved 22 December 2016 .
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009).
"Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs" . Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008) . Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221.
Bibcode :
2009dmpn.book.....S .
doi :
10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4 .
ISBN
978-3-642-01964-7 .
^ Hartmann, W. K. (2005). Moons & Planets (5th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
ASIN
0534493939
External links