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123 Agreement)
Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation. [1] [2] Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement. [3] To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-three 123 Agreements with 48 countries. [4] A 2009 123 agreement signed with the United Arab Emirates by the Obama Administration was called the "gold standard" of 123 agreements." [1]
Countries with which the U.S. has or had or is working towards having a 123 Agreement include:
- Japan (with automatic re-processing rights) [8]
- Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights) [8]
- China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request) [8]
- Switzerland
- India (With advance consent to reprocessing) [9]
- Russia (On September 8, 2008 Pres. George W. Bush notified the United States Congress that there was no basis for further consideration of a 123 agreement with Russia.) [10]
- United Arab Emirates [11]
- Egypt [12]
- Thailand [7]
- Argentina [7]
- Australia [7]
- Bangladesh [7]
- Brazil [7]
- Canada [7]
- Colombia [7]
- Indonesia [7]
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [7]
- Turkey [7]
- Kazakhstan [7]
- Republic of Korea [7]
- South Africa [7]
- Taiwan [7]
Proposed
References
- ^ "NUREG0980 Vol.1, No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2007.
- ^ Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth D. (December 27, 2016). Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002.
- ^ "123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation". National Nuclear Security Administration.
- ^ "NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco". Retrieved 2001-03-02.
- ^ "NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine". 1998-04-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA
- ^
a
b
c
"Long haul ahead". Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link) - ^ "NDTV.com: House of Reps passes N-deal, next test US Senate". Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ "Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement". 8 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
- ^ UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009
- ^ State Department, November 10, 2008
- ^ House, The White (2022-11-20). "FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance". The White House. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ "NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania". 1998-01-12. Archived from the original on November 18, 2004.
External links
123 Agreement With India
123 Agreement With UAE
- U.S. to Sign Nuclear Pact With U.A.E. Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2009
- U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation, State Department
- Resources on the United Arab Emirates Nuclear Energy Program Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Voice of America News, December 12, 2008
Categories:
- Energy in the United States
- Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
- Treaties of the United States
- Energy treaties
- Treaties of Morocco
- Treaties of Ukraine
- Treaties of Romania
- Treaties of Japan
- Treaties of the People's Republic of China
- Treaties of Switzerland
- Treaties of India
- Treaties of Russia
- Treaties of Egypt
- Treaties of Thailand
- Treaties of Argentina
- Treaties of Australia
- Treaties of Bangladesh
- Treaties of Brazil
- Treaties of Canada
- Treaties of Colombia
- Treaties of Indonesia
- Treaties of Turkey
- Treaties of Kazakhstan
- Treaties of South Korea
- Treaties of South Africa
- Treaties of Taiwan
- Nuclear technology treaties