King
Philip II (Augustus) annuls all loans made by
Jews to Christians, and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from
Paris.[1]
After a series of defeats, the
Almohad fleet under the admiral Ahmad al-Siqilli, crushes the Portuguese navy and reasserts its control over the
Atlantic Ocean.[5]
Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has come to be understood as
supernovaSN 1181. One of only eight supernovae in the
Milky Way observed in recorded history. It appears in the constellation
Cassiopeia and is visible in the night sky for about 185 days. The radio source
3C58 was thought to be the remnant from this event, but opinion is shifting towards the recently discovered nebula Pa 30 (ref : Arxiv 2105.12384).
^Baldwin, John (2006). Paris 1200. Paris: Aubier. p. 75.
^Bradbury, Jim. (1997). Philip Augustus: King of France 1180–1223, p. 245. The Medieval World (1st ed.). Routledge.
ISBN978-0-582-06059-3.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 128.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, p. 281. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-02756-4.
^Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 351.
ISBN978-0241-29876-3.
^Makk, Ferenc (1994). "Lukács". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 417–420.
ISBN963-05-6722-9.