May 5:
Lunar eclipse, in which the moon became totally dark according to the
Peterborough Chronicle, due to an earlier volcanic eruption putting aerosols into the upper atmosphere of the earth, thus cutting off the
earthlight.[1]
February –
May – The Crusaders under Baldwin I
besiege Beirut. The
Genoese and
Pisan ships blockade the harbour,
Fatimid ships from
Tyre and
Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to
Cyprus. On
May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault. The Italians conduct a massacre among the inhabitants.[3]
October –
December – The Crusaders under Baldwin I (supported by King
Sigurd I) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour – but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a
Venetian squadron under Doge
Ordelafo Faliero. On
December 4, the city capitulates (under notable terms) to Baldwin.[4]
King
Henry V invades
Italy with a large army and concludes an agreement with Pope
Paschal II at
Sutri. Henry renounces the right of investiture (a dispute with the former
Henry IV). In return, Paschal promises to crown him emperor and to restore to the
Holy Roman Empire all the lands given to the German church (since the time of
Charlemagne).[5]
July 25 – Henry V marries the 8-year-old
Matilda (daughter of King
Henry I of England). She is crowned
Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at
Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of
Bruno, archbishop of
Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.[6]
The dukedom of
Bohemia is secured for
Vladislaus I following the death of
Svatopluk (the Lion) who is assassinated. Vladislaus receives support from Henry V and will rule until
1125.
Winter – The Crusaders, led by Baldwin I, besiege
Tyre, without a supporting fleet. While besieging the town, a Byzantine embassy arrives in the Crusader camp. The Byzantines try to persuade Baldwin to join a coalition against
Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of
Galilee, but he refuses.[9]
Duke
Bolesław III (Wrymouth) of
Poland has his half-brother
Zbigniew blinded and thrown into a dungeon in
Tyniec Abbey. Archishop
Martin I excommunicates Bolesław for committing this terrible crime.
Otto (the Rich), count of
Ballenstedt, is appointed duke of
Saxony by Emperor
Henry V, but is later stripped of his title.
Battle of Martorell: The
Almoravid governor of
Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an offensive against the
County of Barcelona, but is defeated by Ramon Berenguer III.[21]
As part of the
Norman expansion southward, Count Routrou II enters the service of King
Alfonso I (the Battler) of
Aragon.[22]
July 24 –
Matilda, margravine of
Tuscany, dies at
Bondeno. During her reign she waged an intermittent war with Emperor
Henry IV over the inheritance rights of her fiefs in
Lombardy and Tuscany.
Asia
The
Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) is created by the
Jurchen tribal chieftain
Taizu (or Aguda). He establishes a dual-administration system: a Chinese-style
bureaucracy to rule over northern and northeast
China.
The 19-year-old
Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese nobleman and
samurai, gains recognition by suppressing a riot against Emperor
Toba at a monastery near
Kyoto (approximate date).
Autumn –
Battle of Philomelion: Emperor
Alexios I (Komnenos) leads an expedition into
Anatolia and meets the
Seljuk army under Sultan
Malik Shah (near
Philomelium). The Byzantines introduce a new battle formation of Alexios' devising, the parataxis (a defensive formation, consisting of a hollow square, with the baggage in the centre). During the battle, the Seljuk Turks mount several attacks on the formations, but all are repulsed. The Byzantine cavalry makes two counterattacks; the first is unsuccessful. But a second attack, led by
Nikephoros Bryennios (the Younger), breaks the Seljuk forces, who then turn to flight. The following day Malik Shah again attacks, his army completely surrounding the Byzantines from all sides. The Seljuk Turks are once more repulsed, with many losses. Alexios claims the victory, and Malik Shah is forced to accept a peace treaty, in which he promises to respect the frontiers of the
Byzantine Empire.[28][29]
Levant
Summer – The Crusaders under King
Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertake an expedition to
Egypt and march as far as
Akaba on the
Red Sea. After the local inhabitants flee from the town, Baldwin constructs castles in Akaba and on a nearby island. He leaves a garrison in both fortresses. The three Crusader strongholds –
Montréal,
Eilat and
Graye – secure the control of the caravan routes between
Syria and Egypt.[30]
Autumn – Baldwin I hastens to
Tyre (modern
Lebanon) and begins the construction of a new fortress, known as
Scandelion Castle, at the
Ladder of Tyre, which completes the blockade of the town from the mainland.[31]
Europe
February 3 – King
Coloman (the Learned) dies after a 21-year reign in which he has consolidated the feudal system in
Hungary and expanded the frontier (partly by overthrowing King
Peter II of
Croatia).
Portuguese forces under Countess
Theresa take two
Galician cities,
Tui and
Ourense. In reply, the sister of Theresa, Queen
Urraca (the Reckless), attacks
Portugal.
Aak music is introduced to the
Korean court, through a large gift of 428 musical instruments as well as 572 costumes and ritual dance objects from
China, by Emperor
Hui Zong of the
Song Dynasty.
King
Stephen II of Hungary regains
Dalmatia from
Venice while the Venetians are on a naval expedition. Doge
Ordelafo Faliero dies in battle (near
Zadar) against the Hungarians. Faliero is succeeded by
Domenico Michiel, who reconquers more territory and agrees to a 5-year truce with Hungary.
The Crusaders led by King
Baldwin I of Jerusalem raid
Pelusium in
Egypt and burn the city to the ground. Baldwin marches back to
Palestine and strengthens the fortifications of the southern frontier.
Asia
King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (
Koimala) from the
Theemuge Dynasty becomes the first king to rule over the whole
Maldives. He reclaims the northern atolls from the
Indian invaders.
August 14 –
Battle of Hab: The Crusaders under King
Baldwin II of Jerusalem (supported by forces of Count
Pons of Tripoli) defeat Ilghazi's army at
Ariha in
Syria. Baldwin manages to re-capture all of the Crusader castles and returns to Antioch in triumph. He stabilizes the frontiers and prevents Ilghazi from marching on Antioch.[50]
August 20 –
Battle of Brémule: King
Henry I of England defeats King
Louis VI (the Fat) of
France and his 400 knights in
Normandy. A skirmish that begins with the French launching a fierce but disordered attack, and ends with the French turning tail. Louis agrees to make peace and formally recognizes
William Adelin as duke of Normandy.
Zhu Yu, a Chinese historian, writes his book Pingzhou Table Talks (published this year), the earliest known use of
separate hull compartments in ships. Zhu Yu's book is the first to report the use of a magnetic
compass for navigation at sea. Although the first actual description of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer
Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays (published in
1088).
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 74.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 74–75.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Comyn, Robert (1851). History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V. Vol I.
^Chibnall, Marjorie (1991). Matilda of England (1102–1167), Empress, Consort of Henry V. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 22 December 2013.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 75.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique (1998). Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial. Paris: Karthala. p. 44.
ISBN2-86537-844-6.
^Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X., eds. (1967). The Course of Irish History. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 116.
^Marjorie Chibnall (1991). The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English, p. 27. London, UK: Basil Blackwell,
ISBN978-0-631-15737-3.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 86.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p. 25.
^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, p. 25. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876)
^Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 84.
^G. Solinas (1981), Storia di Verona (Verona: Centro Rinascita), 244. The late eight- or early ninth-century Versus de Verona contains a now indispensable description of Verona's early medieval architecture, including Roman ruins.
^Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges, p. 391. Greenwood Publishing Group.
ISBN978-0-313-33538-9.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; pp.86.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 123–124.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker.
ISBN0-212-97022-4.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
^Weber, N.
"Petrobrusians". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
^D'Abadal, R. La formació de la Catalunya independent. Barcelona, 1970.