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Wrestling at the Summer Olympics
IOC Discipline CodeWRE
Governing body UWW
Events18 (men: 12; women: 6)
Games

Wrestling at the Olympic Games first appeared at the first modern Olympics, in the form of Greco-Roman wrestling, held in Athens in 1896. Wrestling would appear at every Summer Olympics held since then, with the exception of the 1900 Summer Olympics when wrestling did not appear on the program. Freestyle wrestling and weight classes both made their first appearance at the 1904 Summer Olympics. Women's freestyle wrestling competition was first held at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

In 2013, the IOC voted to drop wrestling from the Summer Olympic program. The president of the sport's governing body, FILA (now United World Wrestling), resigned after a subsequent motion of no confidence, and several of the FILA leadership followed suit. Following these and revisions to the program for 2016 (including rule changes and additional women's competitions), wrestling successfully campaigned to be readmitted back onto the Summer Olympic program.

Summary

Summary of overall best wrestling nation at each Olympics, which includes combining all styles that were contested. Greco-Roman has been contested since the 1896 Summer Olympics, with men's freestyle being contested since 1904 and women's freestyle since 2004.

Games Year Events Best Nation
1 1896 1   Germany
2
3 1904 7   United States
4 1908 9   Great Britain
5 1912 5   Finland
6
7 1920 10   Finland
8 1924 13   Finland
9 1928 13   Finland
10 1932 14   Sweden
11 1936 14   Sweden
12
13
14 1948 16   Turkey
15 1952 16   Soviet Union
16 1956 16   Soviet Union
Games Year Events Best Nation
17 1960 16   Turkey
18 1964 16   Japan
19 1968 16   Japan
20 1972 20   Soviet Union
21 1976 20   Soviet Union
22 1980 20   Soviet Union
23 1984 20   United States
24 1988 20   Soviet Union
25 1992 20   Unified Team
26 1996 20   Russia
27 2000 16   Russia
28 2004 18   Russia
29 2008 18   Russia
30 2012 18   Russia
31 2016 18   Russia
32 2020 18   Japan

Removal and reinstatement

In an effort to control the size and costs of the Summer Olympics, and make the Games "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC evaluated the Olympic event programme in place for the 2016 Summer Olympics, and voted on 25 "core" sports that would comprise the programme of the 2020 Summer Olympics (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). [1] One vacancy was to be left open for a new sport. In February 2013, IOC members voted to remove wrestling from the Olympic programme; The New York Times cited several potential factors in the decision, including the lack of universally-known talent unlike other sports, and concern for the lack of women's competitions in wrestling (having only introduced women's freestyle competitions in 2004). FILA (now United World Wrestling), the governing body of Olympic wrestling, immediately criticized the decision. The organization cited wrestling's long-standing history as an Olympic event, which dates as far back as the ancient Olympic Games. [2] [3] [4]

The decision resulted in immediate backlash; Armen Nazaryan and Sagid Murtazaliev both returned gold medals to the IOC in protest, while Nazaryan also staged a hunger strike until the 2013 European Wrestling Championships. [5] FILA president Raphaël Martinetti resigned after a vote of non-confidence by the organization's staff. [6]

Martinetti was replaced as acting president by Nenad Lalović. Under his leadership, the organization began to make changes to its Olympic programme for 2016, including rule changes designed to make bouts faster and encourage more aggression, as well as additional women's weight classes. These changes were intended to help improve audience interest, and address the shortcomings that likely led to the removal of the sport; wrestling joined baseball/ softball, as well as squash, on a final shortlist of three sports to be included in the core Olympic programme for 2020. [2] On 8 September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session, the IOC selected wrestling to be reinstated in the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024. [7] [8] Lalović was largely credited for his role in the reinstatement; he remarked that "normally this is done in a few years, we did it in a few months. It was a question of our survival." [9] [10]

Events

Men

Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 Years
Greco-Roman light flyweight X X X X X X X 7
Greco-Roman flyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 14
Greco-Roman bantamweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 24
Greco-Roman featherweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 23
Greco-Roman lightweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 27
Greco-Roman welterweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 22
Greco-Roman middleweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 27
Greco-Roman light heavyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 20
Greco-Roman heavyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 25
Greco-Roman super heavyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 14
Greco-Roman open X 1
Freestyle light flyweight X X X X X X X X 8
Freestyle flyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 15
Freestyle bantamweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 26
Freestyle featherweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 24
Freestyle lightweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 26
Freestyle welterweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 25
Freestyle middleweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 25
Freestyle light heavyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 18
Freestyle heavyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 26
Freestyle super heavyweight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 14
Total 1 0 7 9 5 10 13 13 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 16 14 14 14 12 12 12

Women

Event 04 08 12 16 20 24 Years
Freestyle flyweight X X X X X X 6
Freestyle bantamweight X X X X X X 6
Freestyle welterweight X X X 3
Freestyle middleweight X X X X X X 6
Freestyle light heavyweight X X X 3
Freestyle heavyweight X X X X X X 6
Total 4 4 4 6 6 6

Participating nations

The following nations have taken part in the wrestling competition. The numbers in the table indicate the number of competitors sent to that year's Olympics (X means qualified wrestlers for the next Olympics).

Nation 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
  Afghanistan (AFG)   7 8 5 8 8 5 1 7
  Albania (ALB)   1 1 2 3
  Algeria (ALG)   3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 8 9
  American Samoa (ASA)   1 1 1 3
  Argentina (ARG)   5 8 5 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 16
  Armenia (ARM)   8 8 7 9 7 8 6 7
  Australia (AUS)   1 3 1 3 4 4 15 9 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 9 11 1 4 1 3 22
  Austria (AUT)   8 2 1 7 5 3 4 7 4 1 4 2 5 7 5 2 3 1 1 19
  Azerbaijan (AZE)   8 9 7 16 13 14 7 7
  Bahamas (BAH)   2 1
  Bahrain (BRN)   1 1
  Belarus (BLR)   16 14 10 9 11 8 8 7
  Belgium (BEL)   4 1 12 17 13 11 9 8 3 5 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 18
  Bohemia (BOH)   4 4 2
  Bolivia (BOL)   1 1
  Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)   1 1
  Brazil (BRA)   2 1 1 1 1 5 3 7
  Bulgaria (BUL)   8 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 11 8 13 12 9 11 7 16
  Cambodia (CAM)   1 1 2
  Cameroon (CMR)   6 5 4 1 1 1 3 1 8
  Canada (CAN)   1 1 5 5 6 5 9 4 2 4 7 9 15 13 11 13 14 4 7 10 9 8 4 23
  Central African Republic (CAF)   1 1
  Chile (CHI)   1 1 2
  China (CHN)   7 11 8 5 5 9 16 8 13 11 10
  Chinese Taipei (TPE)   1 4 1 3
  Colombia (COL)   1 4 1 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 10
  Croatia (CRO)   1 1 2 1 2 5
  Cuba (CUB)   3 3 7 9 10 15 15 13 12 12 12 10 12 13
  Cyprus (CYP)   1 1 2
  Czech Republic (CZE)   3 3 2 1 1 1 1 7
  Czechoslovakia (TCH)   10 9 6 2 13 3 3 5 4 6 10 5 8 9 7 15
  Denmark (DEN)   11 9 10 11 7 3 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 19
  Dominican Republic (DOM)   2 1 1 1 4
  East Germany (GDR)   10 17 12 9 8 5
  Ecuador (ECU)   2 1 1 2 2 2 6
  Egypt (EGY)   1 2 4 3 13 12 4 4 4 4 10 5 3 1 2 3 7 13 10 8 20
  El Salvador (ESA)   1 1 1 3
  Estonia (EST)   4 8 6 1 8 4 4 3 1 2 3 2 12
  Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)   1 1
  Finland (FIN)   4 37 18 24 13 10 13 15 16 10 14 10 9 10 7 8 11 12 7 5 4 2 1 2 3 2 26
  France (FRA)   6 17 23 13 5 10 11 10 2 9 3 4 5 5 2 8 9 9 2 3 6 9 6 2 2 25
  The Gambia (GAM)   3 1
  Georgia (GEO)   8 13 12 10 13 11 7 7
  Germany (GER) 1   1 14 6 5 14 8 17 11 10 9 7 4 7 7 15
  Great Britain (GBR) 1   53 12 10 14 6 2 6 16 6 4 6 6 4 6 7 6 7 7 1 1 1 1 23
  Greece (GRE) 2   1 5 2 3 2 4 5 3 2 3 5 8 9 4 5 10 5 11 10 7 18 3 2 1 2 26
  Guam (GUM)   1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
  Guatemala (GUA)   3 5 4 1 1 1 6
  Guinea (GUI)   2 1 2
  Guinea-Bissau (GBS)   1 1 1 1 2 2 2 7
  Haiti (HAI)   1 1
  Honduras (HON)   1 1
  Hungary (HUN) 1   7 10 12 6 5 12 12 12 8 10 10 13 18 18 19 18 17 11 8 9 9 7 8 6 25
  Iceland (ISL)   1 1
  Independent Olympic Participants (IOP)   9 1 2
  India (IND)   2 3 6 4 7 5 8 4 8 6 8 7 6 1 1 7 3 5 8 7 20
  Indonesia (INA)   2 1
  Iran (IRI)   8 8 12 9 14 17 15 16 10 11 13 12 13 12 11 15
  Iraq (IRQ)   1 1 9 3 5 1 6
  Ireland (IRL)   1 1 4 2 1 5
  Israel (ISR)   2 1 2 4 1 3 3 1 8
  Italy (ITA)   1 6 8 17 5 6 10 11 14 5 16 5 5 7 8 6 7 4 5 4 2 6 2 1 2 2 26
  Ivory Coast (CIV)   1 1
  Japan (JPN)   1 1 7 5 5 8 16 16 15 20 20 20 20 16 12 8 13 10 13 10 12 21
  Jordan (JOR)   2 1
  Kazakhstan (KAZ)   11 11 12 16 15 12 11 7
  Kenya (KEN)   4 1
  Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)   4 6 8 5 4 7 9 7
  Kosovo (KOS)   1 1
  Latvia (LAT)   6 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 10
  Lebanon (LBN)   5 4 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 9
  Lithuania (LTU)   1 3 2 3 4 2 1 1 8
  Luxembourg (LUX)   2 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 8
  North Macedonia (MKD)   3 2 2 1 1 5
  Madagascar (MAD)   1 1
  Malta (MLT)   2 2 2
  Mauritania (MTN)   2 4 2
  Mauritius (MRI)   1 1
  Mexico (MEX)   2 4 5 1 4 4 12 9 2 2 5 4 2 7 1 2 1 1 18
  Moldova (MDA)   6 4 2 2 2 3 2 7
  Mongolia (MGL)   8 8 13 13 13 9 7 4 4 6 6 8 10 9 14
  Morocco (MAR)   5 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 2 3 1 11
  Namibia (NAM)   1 1 2
  Netherlands (NED)   9 3 9 8 6 4 3 1 1 1 10
  New Zealand (NZL)   1 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 10
  Nicaragua (NCA)   1 1
  Nigeria (NGR)   1 3 6 5 4 2 1 2 4 7 5 11
  North Korea (PRK)   2 3 3 4 3 4 1 3 5 4 10
  Norway (NOR)   1 9 7 7 7 1 3 6 7 1 4 1 3 5 2 5 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 24
  Pakistan (PAK)   6 7 6 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 10
  Palau (PLW)   1 2 1 3
  Panama (PAN)   1 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 9
  Peru (PER)   4 2 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 9
  Philippines (PHI)   1 1 1 3 4 4 3 2 8
  Poland (POL)   2 4 3 5 12 5 12 18 14 20 18 13 11 9 9 9 4 8 6 19
  Portugal (POR)   2 1 3 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 10
  Puerto Rico (PUR)   5 3 2 4 5 1 3 2 1 9
  Republic of China (ROC)   1 1
  Romania (ROU)   5 7 4 7 10 12 20 19 20 10 4 11 10 5 5 8 2 5 5 19
  Russia (RUS)   4 11 20 16 18 18 16 17 17 9
  Samoa (SAM)   2 1 2
  San Marino (SMR)   1 1
  Senegal (SEN)   4 5 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 13
  Serbia (SRB)   2 1 3 4 4
  Serbia and Montenegro (SCG)   1 1
  Slovakia (SVK)   4 4 3 2 1 5
  South Africa (RSA)   1 1 2 3 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 11
  South Korea (KOR)   4 1 3 4 13 8 4 11 14 19 16 15 10 9 11 9 5 2 18
  Soviet Union (URS)   16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 9
  Spain (ESP)   4 4 1 2 3 9 10 2 3 1 1 11
  Sweden (SWE)   9 34 13 13 9 13 14 16 1 10 12 9 7 7 8 8 11 10 8 7 5 7 5 6 7 3 26
  Switzerland (SUI)   4 12 11 13 12 5 12 3 3 9 1 2 4 4 2 4 2 1 1 1 20
  Syria (SYR)   2 2 17 3 8 3 2 7
  Tajikistan (TJK)   1 4 2 4 4
  Tunisia (TUN)   2 3 3 3 4 1 3 8 4 10 10
  Turkey (TUR)   5 6 11 16 15 13 16 15 16 16 11 16 13 15 13 12 12 13 13 14 9 21
  Turkmenistan (TKM)   1 1 2
  Ukraine (UKR)   17 16 16 16 13 11 10 7
  Unified Team (EUN)   20 1
  United States (USA)   42 6 2 18 14 7 7 7 8 8 15 16 16 16 19 20 19 20 20 20 16 17 17 17 14 15 25
  United Team of Germany (EUA)   5 15 14 3
  Uzbekistan (UZB)   10 11 7 8 8 8 8 7
  Venezuela (VEN)   3 2 1 6 2 2 3 7 9 9
  Vietnam (VIE)   5 1 1 2 4
  Virgin Islands (ISV)   4 1
  West Germany (FRG)   11 17 15 14 17 5
  Yemen (YEM)   3 1 2
  Yugoslavia (YUG)   2 5 5 3 2 5 4 8 10 6 10 9 2 13
Nations 4 1 14 18 19 26 29 18 29 28 36 30 44 39 45 49 41 35 44 69 59 75 55 66 59 71 67 61
Competitors 5 42 115 170 152 229 166 79 200 207 215 167 338 270 296 388 331 266 267 429 370 401 314 342 344 344 344 288
Year 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20

All-time medal tables – 1896–2020

All-time medal table combined – Greco-Roman, Freestyle men's and women's – 1896–2020

Sources: [11] [12]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  Soviet Union (URS)623123116
2  United States (USA)554439138
3  Japan (JPN)37221776
4  Russia (RUS)31111456
5  Turkey (TUR)29181966
6  Sweden (SWE)28273186
7  Finland (FIN)26282983
8  Hungary (HUN)20171956
9  Bulgaria (BUL)16322371
10  Iran (IRI)11152147
11  South Korea (KOR)11111436
12  Cuba (CUB)1161027
13  Romania (ROU)781934
14  Italy (ITA)741122
15  Unified Team (EUN)65516
16  Germany (GER)5131129
17  Poland (POL)591327
18  Estonia (EST)52411
19  Azerbaijan (AZE)481325
20  Ukraine (UKR)46818
21  Yugoslavia (YUG)46616
22  France (FRA)441018
23  Switzerland (SUI)44715
24  Norway (NOR)4228
25  ROC4048
26  Canada (CAN)37717
27  Georgia (GEO)361019
28  Great Britain (GBR)341017
29  North Korea (PRK)32510
30  China (CHN)25815
31  Armenia (ARM)2439
32  Egypt (EGY)2338
33  East Germany (GDR)2327
34  Uzbekistan (UZB)2248
35  Czechoslovakia (TCH)17715
36  Kazakhstan (KAZ)151117
37  United Team of Germany (EUA)1539
38  West Germany (FRG)1449
39  Greece (GRE)13711
40  Serbia (SRB)1012
41  Belarus (BLR)07714
42  Mongolia (MGL)04610
43  Denmark (DEN)0369
44  Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)0336
45  Belgium (BEL)0303
  Russian Empire (RU1)0303
47  India (IND)0257
48  Australia (AUS)0123
  Lebanon (LIB)0123
50  Lithuania (LTU)0112
51  Latvia (LAT)0101
  Mexico (MEX)0101
  Nigeria (NGR)0101
  Puerto Rico (PUR)0101
  Slovakia (SVK)0101
  Syria (SYR)0101
  Tajikistan (TJK)0101
58  Austria (AUT)0022
  Colombia (COL)0022
60  Czech Republic (CZE)0011
  Moldova (MDA)0011
  North Macedonia (MKD)0011
  Pakistan (PAK)0011
  San Marino (SMR)0011
  Spain (ESP)0011
  Tunisia (TUN)0011
Totals (66 entries)4284285001356

All-time medal table – Greco-Roman – 1896–2020

Sources: [11]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  Soviet Union (URS)34161060
2  Sweden (SWE)20172158
3  Finland (FIN)18211958
4  Hungary (HUN)17131141
5  Russia (RUS)123722
6  Turkey (TUR)116825
7  Bulgaria (BUL)914932
8  Cuba (CUB)95216
9  South Korea (KOR)72716
10  Romania (ROU)681327
11  Italy (ITA)64919
12  Poland (POL)58821
13  Germany (GER)410822
14  Japan (JPN)47415
15  Iran (IRI)4149
16  United States (USA)36615
17  Yugoslavia (YUG)35412
18  Unified Team (EUN)3339
19  Estonia (EST)3148
20  Armenia (ARM)2338
  Egypt (EGY)2338
22  Ukraine (UKR)2327
23  France (FRA)2259
24  Norway (NOR)2125
25  East Germany (GDR)2114
26  Czechoslovakia (TCH)16411
27  Greece (GRE)1359
28  Georgia (GEO)1348
29  West Germany (FRG)1315
30  Azerbaijan (AZE)1247
31  Kazakhstan (KAZ)1225
32  ROC1023
33  Serbia (SRB)1012
  Uzbekistan (UZB)1012
35  United Team of Germany (EUA)0437
36  Denmark (DEN)0369
37  Russian Empire (RU1)0303
38  Belarus (BLR)0257
39  Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)0213
40  China (CHN)0156
41  Lebanon (LIB)0123
42  Lithuania (LTU)0112
43  Latvia (LAT)0101
  Mexico (MEX)0101
45  Austria (AUT)0011
  Czech Republic (CZE)0011
  Moldova (MDA)0011
  North Korea (PRK)0011
  Switzerland (SUI)0011
Totals (49 entries)199201225625

All-time medal table – Freestyle men's and women's – 1904–2020

Sources: [12]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States (USA)523833123
2  Japan (JPN)33151361
3  Soviet Union (URS)28151356
4  Russia (RUS)198734
5  Turkey (TUR)18121141
6  Sweden (SWE)8101028
7  Finland (FIN)871025
8  Bulgaria (BUL)7181439
9  Iran (IRI)7141738
10  South Korea (KOR)49720
11  Switzerland (SUI)44614
12  Canada (CAN)37717
13  Azerbaijan (AZE)36918
14  Great Britain (GBR)341017
15  Hungary (HUN)34815
16  North Korea (PRK)3249
17  Unified Team (EUN)3227
18  ROC3025
19  China (CHN)2439
20  Georgia (GEO)23611
  Ukraine (UKR)23611
22  France (FRA)2259
23  Cuba (CUB)21811
24  Estonia (EST)2103
  Norway (NOR)2103
26  Germany (GER)1337
27  Uzbekistan (UZB)1236
28  Yugoslavia (YUG)1124
29  United Team of Germany (EUA)1102
30  Romania (ROU)1067
31  Italy (ITA)1023
32  Belarus (BLR)0527
33  Mongolia (MGL)04610
34  Kazakhstan (KAZ)03912
35  Belgium (BEL)0303
36  India (IND)0257
37  East Germany (GDR)0213
38  Poland (POL)0156
39  Czechoslovakia (TCH)0134
  West Germany (FRG)0134
41  Australia (AUS)0123
  Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)0123
43  Armenia (ARM)0101
  Nigeria (NGR)0101
  Puerto Rico (PUR)0101
  Slovakia (SVK)0101
  Syria (SYR)0101
  Tajikistan (TJK)0101
49  Colombia (COL)0022
  Greece (GRE)0022
51  Austria (AUT)0011
  North Macedonia (MKD)0011
  Pakistan (PAK)0011
  San Marino (SMR)0011
  Spain (ESP)0011
  Tunisia (TUN)0011
Totals (56 entries)229227275731

See also

References

  1. ^ "Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  2. ^ a b Hamilton, Tracee (2013-09-08). "Wrestling, IOC make right moves in getting sport back on 2020 Olympics program". The Washington Post. ISSN  0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  3. ^ Longman, Jeré (2013-02-12). "Olympics Moves to Drop Wrestling in 2020". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  4. ^ "Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games". BBC Sport. 12 February 2013.
  5. ^ "Bulgaria wrestling coach Armen Nazaryan on hunger strike". BBC Sport. 2013-03-04. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  6. ^ "International Wresting President forced to quit after Olympic shock". Inside the Games. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  7. ^ "Wrestling, baseball/softball and squash shortlisted by IOC for 2020 as five fail to make cut". 29 May 2013.
  8. ^ "Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games". IOC. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  9. ^ KAROLOS GROHMANN (8 September 2013). "Wrestling wins vote and will be part of 2020 Tokyo Olympics". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  10. ^ "Wrestling gets reinstated for 2020 Olympics". 8 September 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-15.
  11. ^ a b "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  12. ^ a b "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.