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Glacial Period in Britain c,352,000 - c130,000
The Wolstonian Stage is a middle
Pleistocene stage of the
geological history of Earth from approximately 374,000 until 130,000 years ago. It precedes the
Eemian Stage in Europe and follows the
Hoxnian Stage in the British Isles.
It is also approximately analogous to the
Warthe and
Saalian stages in northern Europe; the
Riss glaciation in the
Alps ; and the
Illinoian Stage in North America.
It is equivalent to
Marine isotope stages (MIS) 10 through 6. MIS 10, 8 and 6 were
glacial periods and 9 and 7 were
interglacials .
It is named after
Wolston in the English county of
Warwickshire .
Description
The Wolstonian Stage is a middle
Pleistocene stage of the
geological history of Earth that precedes the
Ipswichian Stage (
Eemian Stage in
Europe ) and follows the
Hoxnian Stage in the British Isles. The Wolstonian Stage apparently includes three periods of glaciation. The Wolstonian Stage is temporally analogous to the
Warthe Stage and
Saalian Stage in northern Europe and the
Riss glaciation in the
Alps , and temporally equivalent to all of the
Illinoian Stage and the youngest part of the
Pre-Illinoian Stage in North America. It is contemporaneous with the North American Pre-Illinoian A, Early Illinoian, and Late Illinoian glaciations.
[1]
[2]
[3]
The Wolstonian Stage is equivalent to
Marine isotope stages 6 through 10.
[2]
[3]
Britain became an Island during this period (350,000 years ago).
[4]
It started 374,000 years ago and ended 130,000 years ago.
[5]
[6]
Etymology
The Wolstonian Stage was named after the site of
Wolston in the English county of
Warwickshire where corresponding deposits were first identified.
[7]
Archaeology
Acheulian flint tools have been found in Wolstonian deposits.
Pleistocene glaciation
See also
References
^ Richmond, G.M.; Fullerton, D.S. (1986). "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews . 5 : 183–196.
Bibcode :
1986QSRv....5..183R .
doi :
10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8 .
^
a
b McMillan, A.A. (2005).
"A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework Great Britain" . Netherland Journal of Geosciences . 84 (2): 87–107.
doi :
10.1017/S0016774600022988 .
^
a
b Gibbard, P.L.; Boreham, S.; Cohen, K.M.; Moscariello, A. (2007).
"Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years" (JPG 844 kb) . Cambridge UK: Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
^ Gibbard, Phil (2007).
"How Britain Became An Island: The report" . Nature Precedings. doi:10.1038/npre.2007.1205.1
^
Lisiecki, L.E. , 2005,
Ages of MIS boundaries.
LR04 Benthic Stack Boston University, Boston, MA
^
Lisiecki, L.E. ;
Raymo, M.E. (2005).
"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records" (PDF) . Paleoceanography . 20 : PA1003.
Bibcode :
2005PalOc..20.1003L .
doi :
10.1029/2004PA001071 .
hdl :
2027.42/149224 .
^ Gibson, Sebastian M. et al. (2022) Timing and dynamics of Late Wolstonian Substage ‘Moreton Stadial’ (MIS 6) glaciation in the English West Midlands, UK ,
Royal Society Publishing , (Open access), June 2022. Deposits from Wolston are described and dated (as 150 ka) in sections 4.1.4 and 4.2.1.4.
External links
Aber, J.S. (2006).
"Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska" . Emporia KS: Emporia State University. Archived from
the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-08-22 .
Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2007).
"Global correlation tables for the Quaternary" . Cambridge UK: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
Gibbard, P., 2008a,
Map 6. (Fluvial) Palaeogeography during the Saalian (Drenthe Substage) / Wolstonian glacial maximum. North West European Rivers, Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group, Cambridge, England. (includes PDF file of map)
Gibbard, P. (2008).
"Map 7: Maximum extent of the glaciation during the Saalian / Drenthe / Dneipr Stage (late Middle Pleistocene)" . Cambridge UK: North West European Rivers, Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group. (includes PDF file of map)
Gibbard, P. (2008).
"Map 8: Latest Saalian to early Weichselian drainage during sea level lowstand" . Cambridge UK: North West European Rivers, Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group. (includes PDF file of map)
Hallberg, G.R. (1980).
"Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian stratigraphy of southeast Iowa and adjacent Illinois" (PDF) . Technical information Series. no. 11 . Ames IA: Iowa Geological Survey Bureau. Archived from
the original (PDF 19.3 Mb) on 2010-07-13.
Shotton, F.W., nd,
East Anglia and the English Midlands.
Ice Age Britain. The Shotton Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.
Further reading
Bowen, D.Q. (1978). Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work . Oxford UK: Pergamon Press.
ISBN
978-0-08-020409-3 .
Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L., eds. (2004).
Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America . Amsterdam: Elsevier.
ISBN
0-444-51462-7 .
Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Rose, J., eds. (1991). Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland . Rotterdam: Balkema.
ISBN
978-90-6191-875-2 .
Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L., eds. (2004).
Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe . Amsterdam: Elsevier.
ISBN
0-444-51462-7 .
Sibrava, V.; Bowen, D.Q; Richmond, G.M. (1986). "Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere". Quaternary Science Reviews . 5 : 1–514.
doi :
10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6 .
Quaternary /
Late Cenozoic
Quaternary
Antarctica
Greenland
Penultimate Glacial Period
Last Glacial Period (
Last Glacial Maximum )
1st:
Würm ,
Wisconsin ,
Weichselian ,
Devensian /
Midlandian ,
Pinedale /
Fraser ,
Merida ,
Llanquihue
2nd:
Riss ,
Illinoian ,
Saale ,
Wolstonian ,
Santa María
3rd–6th:
Mindel ,
Pre-Illinoian ,
Elster ,
Anglian ,
Rio Llico
7th–8th:
Günz ,
Pre-Illinoian ,
Elbe or
Menapian ,
Beestonian ,
Caracol (2.5 to 0 Mya)
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Paleozoic
Ediacaran
Cryogenian -
Snowball Earth
Paleoproterozoic
Mesoarchean Related topics