William Kent (c. 1685 – 12 April 1748) was an English architect,
landscape architect, painter and furniture designer of the early 18th century. He began his career as a painter, and became
Principal Painter in Ordinary or
court painter, but his real talent was for design in various media.
He complemented his houses and gardens with stately furniture for major buildings including
Hampton Court Palace, Chiswick House,
Devonshire House and Rousham.
Early life
Kent was born in
Bridlington,
East Riding of Yorkshire, and baptised on 1 January 1686, as William Cant.[1] His parents were William and Esther Cant (née Shimmings).[2]
Kent's career began as a sign and coach painter, and he was encouraged to study art, design and architecture by his employer. A group of Yorkshire gentlemen sent Kent for a period of study in Rome, and he set sail on 22 July 1709 from
Deal, Kent, arriving at
Livorno on 15 October.[3] By 18 November he was in
Florence, staying there until April 1710 before finally setting off for Rome. In 1713 he was awarded the second medal in the second class for painting in the annual competition run by the
Accademia di San Luca for his painting of A Miracle of S. Andrea Avellino.[4] He also met several important figures including
Thomas Coke, later 1st Earl of Leicester, with whom he toured Northern Italy in the summer of 1714 (a tour that led Kent to an appreciation of the architectural style of
Andrea Palladio's palaces in
Vicenza), and Cardinal
Pietro Ottoboni in Rome, for whom he apparently painted some pictures, though no records survive. During his stay in Rome, he painted the ceiling of the church of San Giuliano dei Fiamminghi (
Church of St. Julian of the Flemings) with the Apotheosis of St. Julian.[5] The most significant meeting was between Kent and
Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. Kent left Rome for the last time in the autumn of 1719, met Lord Burlington briefly at
Genoa, Kent journeying on to Paris, where Lord Burlington later joined him for the final journey back to England before the end of the year.[6] As a painter, he displaced Sir
James Thornhill in decorating the new staterooms at
Kensington Palace, London; for Burlington, he helped to decorate
Chiswick House, especially the painted ceilings,[6] and
Burlington House.
Architectural works
Kent started practising as an architect relatively late in life, in the 1730s.[7] He is remembered as an architect of the revived
Palladian style in England.[8] Burlington gave him the task of editing The Designs of
Inigo Jones... with some additional designs in the Palladian/Jonesian taste by Burlington and Kent, which appeared in 1727. As he rose through the royal architectural establishment, the Board of Works, Kent applied this style to several public buildings in London, for which Burlington's patronage secured him the commissions: the
Royal Mews at
Charing Cross (1731–33, demolished in 1830), the Treasury buildings in
Whitehall (1733–37), and the
Horse Guards building in Whitehall (designed shortly before his death and built 1750–1759). These neo-antique buildings were inspired as much by the architecture of
Raphael and
Giulio Romano as by Palladio.[9]
In country house building, major commissions for Kent were designing the interiors of
Houghton Hall, Norfolk (c.1725–35), recently built by
Colen Campbell for Sir
Robert Walpole, but at
Holkham Hall (also in Norfolk) the most complete embodiment of Palladian ideals is still to be found; there Kent collaborated with
Thomas Coke, the other "architect earl", and had for an assistant
Matthew Brettingham, whose own architecture would carry Palladian ideals into the next generation. Walpole's son
Horace described Kent as below mediocrity as a painter, a restorer of science as an architect and the father of modern gardening and inventor of an art.[10]
A theatrically Baroque staircase and parade rooms in London, at 44
Berkeley Square, are also notable. Kent's domed pavilions were erected at
Badminton House (Gloucestershire) and at
Euston Hall (Suffolk).
Kent could provide sympathetic
Gothic designs, free of serious antiquarian tendencies, when the context called; he worked on the Gothic screens in
Westminster Hall and
Gloucester Cathedral.
He worked on the house at
22 Arlington Street in
St. James's, a district of the
City of Westminster in central London from 1743, when it was commissioned by the newly elevated Prime Minister,
Henry Pelham. After Kent's death, the work was completed by his assistant Stephen Wright.[11]
Landscape architect
As a landscape designer, Kent was one of the originators of the
English landscape garden, a style of "natural" gardening that revolutionised the laying out of gardens and estates. His projects included
Chiswick House,[12]Stowe, Buckinghamshire, from about 1730 onwards, designs for
Alexander Pope's villa garden at
Twickenham, for
Queen Caroline at
Richmond, and notably at
Rousham House, Oxfordshire, where he created a sequence of Arcadian set-pieces punctuated with temples, cascades, grottoes, Palladian bridges and
exedra, opening the field for the larger scale achievements of
Capability Brown in the following generation. Smaller Kent works can be found at
Shotover Park, Oxfordshire, including a faux Gothic eyecatcher and a domed pavilion. His all-but-lost gardens at
Claremont, Surrey, have recently been restored. It is said that he was not above planting dead trees to create the mood he required.[13]
Kent's only downfall was said to be his lack of horticultural knowledge and technical skill[14] (compared to those such as
Charles Bridgeman, whose impact on Kent is often underestimated).[15] Nevertheless, his naturalistic style of design was his major contribution to the history of landscape design.[16] Claremont, Stowe, and Rousham are places where their joint efforts can be viewed. Stowe and Rousham are Kent's most famous works. At the latter, Kent elaborated on Bridgeman's 1720s design for the property, adding walls and arches to catch the viewer's eye. At Stowe, Kent used his Italian experience, particularly with the Palladian Bridge. At both sites Kent incorporated his naturalistic approach.
In his own age, Kent's fame and popularity were so great that he was employed to give designs for all things, even for ladies' birthday dresses, of which he could know nothing and which he decorated with the five
classical orders of architecture. These and other absurdities drew upon him the satire of
William Hogarth who, in October 1725, produced a Burlesque on Kent's Altarpiece at St. Clement Danes.
Walpole tribute
According to
Horace Walpole, Kent "was a painter, an architect, and the father of modern gardening. In the first character he was below mediocrity; in the second, he was a restorer of the science; in the last, an original, and the inventor of an art that realizes painting and improves nature. Mahomet imagined an Elysium, Kent created many."
Chapel, Blenheim Palace, Marlborough tomb on right
Sir Isaac Newton's memorial, Westminster Abbey
Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, with the Shakespeare memorial
In popular culture
In the first episode of the television series
The Gentlemen (2024 TV series), his philosophy is referred to as "the reconciliation of the feral with the refined"
Colvin, Howard, (1995) A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840. 3rd ed., 1995, s.v. "Kent, William"
Hunt, John Dixon, (1986; 1996) Garden and Grove: The Italian Renaissance Garden in the English Imagination, 1600–1750, London, Dent; London and Philadelphia.
ISBN0-460-04681-0
Hunt, John Dixon, (1987) William Kent, Landscape garden designer: An Assessment and Catalogue of his designs. London, Zwemmer.
Jourdain, M., (1948) The Work of William Kent: Artist, Painter, Designer and Landscape Gardener. London, Country Life.
Mowl, Timothy, (2006) William Kent: Architect, Designer, Opportunist. London, Jonathan Cape.
Blomfield, Sir F. Reginald; Thomas, Inigo, Illustrator (1972) [1901].
The Formal Garden in England, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan and Co.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
Clifford, Derek (1967). A History of Garden Design (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger.
Hyams, Edward S.; Smith, Edwin, photos (1964). The English Garden. New York: H.N. Abrams.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
External links
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