Voiceless bilabial plosive | |
---|---|
p | |
IPA Number | 101 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | p |
Unicode (hex) | U+0070 |
X-SAMPA | p |
Braille |
The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of
consonantal sound used in most
spoken
languages. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalent
X-SAMPA symbol is p
.
Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:
IPA | Description |
---|---|
p | plain p |
pʰ | aspirated p |
pˠ | velarized p |
pʲ | palatalized p |
pʷ | labialized p |
p̚ | p with no audible release |
p̌ | voiced p |
p͈ | tense p |
pʼ | ejective p |
Research has shown that incidental learning positively impacts the acquisition of the /p/ sound for Arabic speakers and other EFL learners. [1] [2] This is particularly interesting given that the stop /p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a /b/. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian Peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic shifted /p/ to /f/ but the timing of this change is not known), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. [2] It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have /b/ but no /p/.
Nonetheless, the /p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain /p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated /pʰ/ and the plain /p/ (also transcribed as [p˭] in extensions to the IPA).
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | паӏо / پائۆ / paio | 'hat' | |||
Arabic | Algerian | پاپيش/pāpīš | [paːpiːʃ] | 'beautiful girls' | |
Hejazi | بول/پول/pōl | [po̞ːl] | ' Paul' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers. | |
Egyptian | كبش/kabš | [kɛpʃ] | 'ram' | Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords. | |
Armenian | Eastern [3] | պապիկ/papik | 'grandpa' | Contrasts with aspirated form | |
Assyrian | ܦܬܐ pata | [pata] | 'face' | ||
Basque | harrapatu | [(h)arapatu] | 'to catch' | ||
Bengali | পথ | [pɔtʰ] | 'road' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
Catalan [4] | por | [ˈpɔ(ɾ)] | 'fear' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chuvash | путене/putene | [put̬ʲɛ'nɛ] | 'quail' | ||
Czech | pes | [pɛs] | 'dog' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard [5] | bog | [ˈpɔ̽wˀ] | 'book' | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. It may be partially voiced [ b] in the intervocalic position. [6] [7] It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. See Danish phonology |
Dutch [8] | plicht | [plɪxt] | 'duty' | See Dutch phonology | |
English | pack | [pʰæk] | 'pack' | See English phonology | |
Esperanto | tempo | [ˈtempo] | 'time' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Filipino | pato | [paˈto] | 'duck' | ||
Finnish | pappa | [ˈpɑpːɑ] | 'grandpa' | See Finnish phonology | |
French [9] | pomme | [pɔm] | 'apple' | See French phonology | |
Gan Chinese | Nanchangnese | 把戲 | [pa˨˩ ɕi˩] | 'magic' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanchangnese phonology |
German | Pack | [pʰak] | 'pile' | See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | πόδι / pódi | [ˈpo̞ði] | 'leg' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Gujarati | પગ/pag | [pəɡ] | 'foot' | See Gujarati phonology | |
Hakka Chinese | Meizhounese | 河壩 / ho² ba⁴ | [ho˩ pa˥] | 'river' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Meizhounese phonology |
Hebrew | פּקיד/pakid | [pakid] | 'clerk' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindustani | Urdu | پل/pal | [pəl] | 'moment' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology |
Hindi | पल / pal | ||||
Hungarian | pápa | [ˈpaːpɒ] | 'pope' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Italian [10] | papà | [paˈpa] | 'dad' | See Italian phonology | |
Japanese [11] | ポスト / posuto | [posɯto] | 'mailbox' | See Japanese phonology | |
Kabardian | пэ / پە / pė | 'nose' | |||
Khmer | ពន្យល់ / pônyól | [pɔnjɔl] | 'to explain' | See Khmer phonology | |
Korean | 빛 / bit | [pit̚] | 'light' | See Korean phonology | |
Kurdish | Northern | پۆر / por | [ˈpʰoːɾ] | 'hair' | See Kurdish phonology |
Central | پیرۆزە / píroze | [pʰiːɾoːzæ] | 'lammergeier' | ||
Southern | پۊنگه / pûûnga | [pʰʉːŋa] | 'pennyroyal' | ||
Lakota | púza | [ˈpʊza] | 'dry' | ||
Lithuanian | pastatas | [ˈpaːstɐtɐs] | 'building' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
Luxembourgish [12] | bëlleg | [ˈpələɕ] | 'cheap' | Less often voiced [ b]. It is usually transcribed /b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /p/. [12] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Macedonian | пее/pee | [pɛː] | 'sing' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Malay | panas | [pänäs] | 'hot' | Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as [ p̚] instead in lembap [ləmbap̚] 'damp'. See Malay phonology | |
Maltese | aptit | [apˈtit] | 'appetite' | ||
Mandarin | Dungan | бонцу | [pɑŋ˨˦ t͡sʰou˨˦] | 'to assist' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology |
Nanjingnese | 半大子 | [pɑŋ˦ tɑ˦ tsz̩] | 'teenager' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanjingnese phonology | |
Sichuanese | 不算事 / bu² suan⁴ si⁴ | [pu˨˩ suan˨˩˧ sz̩˨˩˧] | 'ineffective' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese phonology | |
Standard | 爆炸 / bàozhà | 'to explode' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology | ||
Xi'annese | 迸 | [pəŋ˦] | 'mattock' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Xi'annese phonology | |
Marathi | पाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs | [pɑːˈuːs] | 'rain' | See Marathi phonology | |
Min Chinese | Hokkien | 咖啡 / ko-pi | [ko˨ pi˦] | 'coffee' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology |
Teochew | 僻 / piah4 | [pʰiaʔ˨] | 'remote' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Teochew phonology | |
Fuzhounese | 白撞 / băh-dâung | [paʔ˨˩ lɑuŋ˨˦˨] | 'trespasser' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese phonology | |
Mutsun | po·čor | [poːt͡ʃor] | 'a sore' | ||
Nepali | पिता/pitā | [pit̪ä] | 'father' | See Nepali phonology | |
Norwegian | pappa | [pɑpːɑ] | 'dad' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Odia | ପଥର/pathara | [pɔʈʰɔrɔ] | 'stone' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
Pashto | پانير/pa'nir | [pɑˈnir] | 'cheese' | ||
Persian | پول/pul | [pul] | 'money' | ||
Pirahã | pibaóí | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'otter' | ||
Polish [13] | pas | 'belt' | See Polish phonology | ||
Portuguese [14] | pai | [paj] | 'father' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਪੱਤਾ/ پتا / pattā | [pət̪ːäː] | 'leaf' | ||
Romanian | pas | [pas] | 'step' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian [15] | плод/plod | [pɫot̪] | 'fruit' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian [16] | пиће / piće | [pǐːt͡ɕě] | 'drink' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovak | pes | [pɛ̝s] | 'dog' | ||
Slovene | pes | [pə̂s̪] | 'dog' | See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish [17] | peso | [ˈpe̞so̞] | 'weight' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swahili | pombe / پٗونْبٖ | [ˈpoᵐbɛ] | 'beer' | ||
Swedish | apa | [ˈɑːˌpa] | 'monkey' | See Swedish phonology | |
Telugu | పని | [pani] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu. | |
Thai | แป้ง/ paeng | [pɛ̂ːŋ] | 'powder' | See Thai phonology | |
Tsez | пу/pu | [pʰu] | 'side' | Contrasts with ejective form. | |
Turkish | kap | [ˈkʰɑp] | 'pot' | See Turkish phonology | |
Ukrainian [18] | павук/pavuk | [pɐˈβ̞uk] | 'spider' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Vietnamese [19] | nhíp | [ɲip˧ˀ˥] | 'tweezers' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | siop | [ʃɔp] | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | |
West Frisian | panne | [ˈpɔnə] | 'pan' | ||
Wu Chinese | Shanghainese | 司必靈 / sy-piq-lin | [sz̩˧ pi̯ɪʔ˦ lin˨] | 'spring' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Shanghainese phonology |
Suzhounese | 標緻 / piau¹-tsyu⁵ | [pi̯æ˥ tsz̩ʷ˨˩] | 'pretty' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese phonology | |
Wenzhounese | 眼淚八汁 / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ | [ŋa lei̯ po˥˧ tsai̯˩˨] | 'tear' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese phonology | |
Yi | ꀠ / ba | [pa˧] | 'exchange' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
Yue Chinese | Cantonese | 豬頭丙 / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing² | [t͡ʃyː˥ tʰɐu̯˨˩ pɪŋ˧˥] | 'blockhead' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology |
Taishanese | 白 | [pak̚˧˩] | 'white' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Taishanese phonology | |
Central Alaskan Yup'ik | panik | [panik] | 'daughter' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan [20] | pan | [paŋ] | 'bread' |