| Voiceless bilabial fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɸ | |||
| IPA Number | 126 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɸ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0278 | ||
| X-SAMPA | p\ | ||
| Braille |
 | ||
| |||
The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɸ⟩, a Latinised form of the Greek letter Phi.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central– lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ainu[ citation needed] | フチ | [ɸu̜tʃi] | 'grandmother' | ||
| Angor[ citation needed] | fi | [ɸi] | 'body' | ||
| Bengali | Eastern dialects | ফল | [ɸɔl] | 'fruit' | Allophone of / f/ in some eastern dialects; regular allophone of /pʰ/ in western dialects |
| English | Scouse | [ example needed] | Allophone of /pʰ/. See British English phonology [1] | ||
| Southern England (some accents) |
thought | [ˈɸɔːt] | Conflation of /f/ and /θ/ (see th-fronting) | ||
| fought | |||||
| Ewe [2] | éƒá | [éɸá] | 'he polished' | Contrasts with /f/ | |
| Italian | Tuscan [3] | i capitani | [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] | 'the captains' | Intervocalic allophone of / p/. [3] See Italian phonology and Tuscan gorgia. |
| Itelmen | чуфчуф | [tʃuɸtʃuɸ] | 'rain' | ||
| Japanese [4] | 腐敗 / fuhai | [ɸɯhai] | 'decay' | Allophone of / h/ before /ɯ/. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kaingang | fy | [ɸɨ] | 'seed' | ||
| Korean | 후두개 / hudugae | [ɸʷudugɛ] | ' epiglottis' | Allophone of /h/ before /u/ and /w/. See Korean phonology | |
| Kwama[ citation needed] | [kòːɸɛ́] | 'basket' | |||
| Māori | whakapapa | [ɸakapapa] | 'genealogy' | Now more commonly /f/ due to the influence of English. See Māori phonology. | |
| Nepali | वाफ | [bäɸ] | 'vapour' | Allophone of /pʰ/. See Nepali phonology | |
| Odoodee[ citation needed] | pagai | [ɸɑɡɑi] | 'coconut' | ||
| Okinawan | fifaci | [ɸiɸatɕi] | 'type of spice' | ||
| Spanish | Some dialects [5] [6] | fuera | [ˈɸwe̞ɾa̠] | 'outside' | Non-standard variant of /f/. See Spanish phonology |
| Standard European [7] | pub | [ˈpa̠ɸ̞] | 'pub' | An approximant; allophone of /b/ before a pause. [7] | |
| North-Central Peninsular [8] | abdicar | [a̠ɸðiˈka̠ɾ] | 'abdicate' | Allophone of /b/ in the coda. In this dialect, the unvoiced coda obstruents - /p, t, k/ - are realized as fricatives only if they precede a voiced consonant; otherwise, they emerge as stops. | |
| Southern Peninsular [9] | los vuestros | [lɔh ˈɸːwɛhtːɾɔh] | 'yours' | It varies with [βː] in some accents. Allophone of /b/ after /s/. | |
| Shompen [10] | [koɸeoi] | 'bench' | |||
| Sylheti | ꠙꠥꠀ | [ɸua] | 'boy' | ||
| Tahitian | ʻōfī | [ʔoːɸiː] | 'snake' | Allophone of /f/ | |
| Turkish | Some speakers [11] | ufuk | [uˈɸʊk] | 'horizon' | Allophone of /f/ before rounded vowels and, to a lesser extent, word-finally after rounded vowels. [11] See Turkish phonology |
| Turkmen | fabrik | [ɸabrik] | 'factory' | ||
| Yalë | dife | [diɸe] | 'village' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ a b Hall (1944:75)
- ^ Okada (1999:118)
- ^ Boyd-Bowman (1953:229)
- ^ Cotton & Sharp (1988:15)
- ^ a b Wetzels & Mascaró (2001), p. 224.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - codaobs-roa.do" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ Pérez, Aguilar & Jiménez (1998:225–228)
- ^ "The language of the Shom Pen: a language isolate in the Nicobar Islands" (PDF). Mother Tongue. 12: 179–202.
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
Sources
- Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1953), "Sobre la pronunciación del español en el Ecuador", Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 7: 221–233, doi: 10.24201/nrfh.v7i1/2.310
- Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi: 10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Pérez, Ramón Morillo-Velarde; Aguilar, Rafael Cano; Jiménez, Antonio Narbona (1998), El Español hablado en Andalucía, Editorial Ariel, ISBN 84-344-8225-8
- Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language, 77 (2): 207–244, doi: 10.1353/lan.2001.0123, S2CID 28948663
