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verification. (February 2010) |
Voiced labiodental fricative | |
---|---|
v | |
IPA Number | 129 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | v |
Unicode (hex) | U+0076 |
X-SAMPA | v |
Braille |
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of
consonantal sound used in some
spoken
languages. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent
X-SAMPA symbol is v
.
The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers[ citation needed] but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages. [1] Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.[ citation needed] Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as [b] ( Korean and Japanese), or [f]/[w] ( Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.[ citation needed]
In certain languages, such as Danish, [2] Faroese, [3] Icelandic or Norwegian [4] the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant.
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
Afrikaans | wees | [vɪəs] | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
Albanian | valixhe | [vaˈlidʒɛ] | 'case' | ||
Arabic | Algerian [5] | كاڥي | [kavi] | 'ataxy' | See Arabic phonology |
Hejazi | فيروس | [vajˈruːs] | 'virus' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as [f] by many speakers. | |
Siirt [5] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology | |
Armenian | Eastern [6] | վեց | ⓘ | 'six' | |
Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava | [ctaːva | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. [ ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to [ w] in the other varieties. | |
Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
Bulgarian | вода | [voda] | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan | Alguerese [7] | vell | [ˈveʎ] | 'old' | See Catalan phonology |
Balearic [8] [7] | |||||
Southern Catalonia [9] | |||||
Valencian [9] [7] | |||||
Chechen | вашa / vaşa | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | ||
Chinese | Wu | 饭 | [vɛ] | 'cooked rice' | |
Sichuanese | 五 | [vu˥˧] | 'five' | Corresponds to /w/ in standard Mandarin. | |
Czech | voda | [ˈvodä] | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard [10] | véd | [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant [ ʋ]. [2] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | All dialects | wraak | [vraːk] | 'revenge' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /r/. See Dutch phonology |
Most dialects | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | Often devoiced to [ f] by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
Standard [11] | |||||
English | All dialects | valve | ⓘ [ citation needed] | 'valve' | See English phonology |
African American [12] | breathe | [bɹiːv] | 'breathe' | Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting | |
Cockney [13] | [bɹəi̯v] | ||||
Esperanto | vundo | [ˈvundo] | 'wound' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Ewe [14] | evlo | [évló] | 'he is evil' | ||
Faroese [3] | veður | [ˈveːʋuɹ] | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of /v/, in free variation with an approximant [ ʋ]. [3] See Faroese phonology | |
French [15] | valve | [valv] | 'valve' | See French phonology | |
Georgian [16] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | ||
German | Wächter | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | βερνίκι verníki | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindi [17] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Hungarian | veszély | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Irish | bhaile | [vaːlə] | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |
Italian [18] | avare | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | See Italian phonology | |
Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | ||
Kabardian | вагъуэ | ⓘ | 'star' | Corresponds to [ʒʷ] in Adyghe | |
Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Maltese | iva | [iva] | 'yes' | ||
Norwegian | Urban East [4] | venn | [ve̞nː] | 'friend' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech. [4] See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | [vɔl] | 'flight' | See Occitan phonology |
Limousin | |||||
Provençal | |||||
Persian | Western | ورزش | [varzeʃ] | 'sport' | See Persian phonology |
Polish [19] | wór | ⓘ | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese [20] | vila | [ˈvilɐ] | 'town' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | val | [väl] | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian [21] [22] | волосы | [ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form; may be an approximant [ ʋ] instead. [22] See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | voda | [vɔ'da] | 'water' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovak [23] | vzrast | [vzräst] | 'height' | Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of /v/ is an approximant [ ʋ]. [23] See Slovak phonology | |
Slovene [24] | Standard | filozof gre | [filoˈz̪ôːv ˈɡɾěː] | 'philosopher goes' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. [24] See Slovene phonology |
Some dialects | voda | [ˈvɔ̀ːd̪á] | 'water' | Instead of /ʋ/. See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish [25] | afgano | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | vägg | [ˈvɛɡː] | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |
Turkish [26] | vade | [väːˈd̪ɛ] | 'due date' | The main allophone of /v/; realized as bilabial [ β ~ β̞ in certain contexts. [26] See Turkish phonology | |
Tyap | vak | [vag] | 'road' | ||
Urdu | ورزش | [vəɾzɪʃ] | ‘exercise’ | See Hindustani phonology | |
Vietnamese [27] | và | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with [j]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | weevje | [ˈʋeɪ̯vjə] | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | |
Welsh | fi | [vi] | 'I' | See Welsh phonology | |
Yi | ꃶ/ vu | [vu˧] | 'intestines' |
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