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Viral disease
Other namesViral infection
Transmission electron micrograph of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virions
Specialty Infectious disease

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells. [1]

Examples are the common cold, gastroenteritis and pneumonia. [2]

Structural characteristics

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[ citation needed]

Pragmatic rules

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/ virologists.[ citation needed]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[ citation needed]

Baltimore group

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[ citation needed]

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I [4] [5] Adenovirus [4] [5] N [4] [5]
Herpesviridae I [4] [5] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8 [6] [7] [8] Y [4] [5]
Papillomaviridae I [4] [9] Human papillomavirus [4] [9] N [4] [9]
Polyomaviridae I [4] [10] BK virus, JC virus [4] [10] N [4] [10]
Poxviridae I [4] [5] Smallpox [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Parvoviridae II [4] [5] Parvovirus B19 [4] [5] N [4] [5]
Reoviridae III [11] Rotavirus, [11] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N [5]
Astroviridae IV [12] Human astrovirus [5] N [5]
Caliciviridae IV [11] Norwalk virus [5] N [5]
Coronaviridae IV [13] Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, [5] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y [5]
Flaviviridae IV [4] [5] [14] Hepatitis C virus, [4] yellow fever virus, [4] dengue virus, [4] West Nile virus, [4] TBE virus, [5] Zika virus Y [4] [5]
Hepeviridae IV [15] Hepatitis E virus [5] N [5] [15]
Matonaviridae IV [4] [5] [16] Rubella virus [4] [17] Y [4] [5]
Picornaviridae IV [18] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, [5] rhinovirus N [5]
Arenaviridae V [19] Lassa virus [5] [19] Y [5] [19]
Bunyaviridae V [20] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus [5] Y [5] [20]
Filoviridae V [21] Ebola virus, [21] Marburg virus [21] Y [5]
Orthomyxoviridae V [4] [22] Influenza virus [4] [22] Y [4] [22]
Paramyxoviridae V [23] Measles virus, [4] Mumps virus, [4] Parainfluenza virus [4] [5] Y [4] [23]
Pneumoviridae V [24] Respiratory syncytial virus [4] Y [4]
Rhabdoviridae V [25] Rabies virus [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Unassigned [26] V [26] Hepatitis D [26] Y [26]
Retroviridae VI [4] [27] HIV [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Hepadnaviridae VII [4] Hepatitis B virus [4] [5] Y [4] [5]

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
  • fecal-oral [4]
  • venereal [4]
  • direct eye contact [4]
None [4]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None [4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None [4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin ( post-exposure prophylaxis) [4]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual [33]

Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions [4]
  • safe sex [4]
HIV Retroviridae HAART, [4] such as protease inhibitors [35] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors [35]
  • zidovudine (perinatally) [4]
  • blood product screening [4]
  • safe sex [4]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage [4]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae None [4]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis [4]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae ( ribavirin) [4]
  • hand washing [4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick [4]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals [4]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae
  • Respiratory [37] droplet contact [4]
None [4]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also

References

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External links