Within the New York City metropolitan area, the airport system—which includes
John F. Kennedy International Airport,
LaGuardia Airport,
Newark Liberty International Airport (located in
New Jersey),
Stewart Airport and a few smaller facilities—is one of the largest in the world. The
Port of New York and New Jersey, which includes the waterways around New York City and its metropolitan area, is one of the busiest seaports in the United States. There are also three
commuter rail systems, the
PATH rapid transit system to New Jersey, and various ferries between Manhattan and New Jersey. Numerous separate bus systems also operate to
Westchester County,
Nassau County, and New Jersey. For private vehicles, a system of expressways and parkways connects New York City with its suburbs.
The Central London Railway (CLR), also known as the Twopenny Tube, was a deep-level, underground "tube" railway that opened in
London in 1900. Today, the CLR's tunnels and stations form the central section of the
London Underground's
Central line.
The railway company was established in 1889, funding for construction was obtained in 1895 through a syndicate of financiers and work took place from 1896 to 1900. When opened, the CLR served 13 stations and ran completely underground in a pair of tunnels for 9.14 kilometres (5.68 mi) between its western terminus at
Shepherd's Bush and its eastern terminus at the
Bank of England, with a depot and power station to the north of the western terminus. After a rejected proposal to turn the line into a loop, it was extended at the western end to
Wood Lane in 1908 and at the eastern end to
Liverpool Street station in 1912. In 1920, it was extended along a
Great Western Railway line to
Ealing to serve a total distance of 17.57 kilometres (10.92 mi).
After initially making good returns for investors, the CLR suffered a decline in passenger numbers due to increased competition from other underground railway lines and new motorised buses. In 1913, it was taken over by the
Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), operator of the majority of London's underground railways. In 1933 the CLR was taken into
public ownership along with the UERL. (Full article...)
Charles Henry Holden (12 May 1875–1 May 1960) was an English architect best known for his designs of some of the 1920s and 1930s stations on the
London Underground, but who was already a distinguished architect before then, notably for his
Imperial War Graves Commission cemeteries in Belgium and northern France.
Many of Holden's later designs for Underground stations went unrealised or were scaled back because of
World War II with only
East Finchley representative of a series of stations planned for the cancelled extension of the
Northern line to
Bushey Heath and with stations on the
Central line's extension into east London being scaled back by post-war austerity. Modestly believing that architecture was a joint effort, Holden twice declined the offer of a
Knighthood. (Full article...)
Image 6The multi-level junction between the
M23 and
M25 motorways near
Merstham in
Surrey. The M23 passes over the M25 with bridges carrying interchange slip roads for the two motorways in between.
Image 25Arguably the best-preserved disused station building in London, this is the former
Alexandra Palace station on the GNR Highgate branch (closed in 1954). It is now in use as a community centre (CUFOS).
Image 31London Underground
A60 Stock (left) and
1938 Stock (right) trains showing the difference in the sizes of the two types of rolling stock operated on the system. A60 stock trains operated on the surface and sub-surface sections of the
Metropolitan line from 1961 to 2012 and 1938 Stock operated on various deep level tube lines from 1938 to 1988.
Image 34Sailing ships at
West India Docks on the
Isle of Dogs in 1810. The docks opened in 1802 and closed in 1980 and have since been redeveloped as the
Canary Wharf development.
Image 35Tram 2548 calls at
Arena tram stop. This is one of the trams on the
Tramlink network centred on
Croydon in south London.
Image 43The newly constructed junction of the
Westway (
A40) and the
West Cross Route (
A3220) at
White City, circa 1970. Continuation of the West Cross Route northwards under the roundabout was cancelled leaving two short unused stubs for the slip roads that would have been provided for traffic joining or leaving the northern section.
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