Ulumanda’_language References

Ulumandaʼ
Ulumandaʼ
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	(30,000 cited 1986)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian South Sulawesi Northern Pitu Ulunna Salu Ulumandaʼ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ulm
Glottolog	ulum1237

Ulumandaʼ is an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is nearly intelligible with other Pitu Ulunna Salu languages.^[2]

Phonology

The vowel inventory of Ulumandaʼ is as follows:^[3]

Vowels of Ulumandaʼ according to Zobel (2018)
	Front	Back
Close	i y	u
Mid	e ø	o
Open	æ	ɑ

The attested consonant inventory is as follows:

Consonants attested in the vocabulary of Smith (1993)^[4]
		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	k	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b	d	ɡ
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Fricative			s		h
Trill			r
Lateral			l
Approximant				j

Vowel harmony

Ulumandaʼ is unusual among the Austronesian languages of Sulawesi for featuring a vowel harmony opposition of front vowels /æ, ø, y/ to corresponding back vowels /ɑ, o, u/ comparable to that of the Uralic languages. Originally, fronted vowels arose from the fronting of back vowels before syllable-final velar consonants *k and *ŋ, but were phonemicized in final syllables when word-final *-m and *-n merged with *ŋ to result in -ŋ but did not front a preceding back vowel unlike original *-ŋ. These fronted vowels then fronted any other back vowels in a word except if a neutral vowel like *e or *i intervened between the vowels.

A contrastive pair includes /uraŋ/ "person" vs. /uræŋ/ [yræŋ] "shrimp".

References

^ Ulumandaʼ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Friberg, Timothy; Laskowske, Thomas V. (1989). "South Sulawesi languages" (PDF). In J.N. Sneddon (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part 1. NUSA 17. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa. pp. 1–17.
^ Zobel, Erik (September 15, 2014). "Vowel Fronting in Ulumanda' (South Sulawesi)". Sounds from around the Pacific Ocean. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
^ Smith, Beverly Kean (1993). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Pitu Ulunna Salu. University of Texas at Arlington.

This Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[e18-1] Ulumandaʼ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Friberg, Timothy; Laskowske, Thomas V. (1989). "South Sulawesi languages" (PDF). In J.N. Sneddon (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part 1. NUSA 17. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa. pp. 1–17.

[Zobel-3] Zobel, Erik (September 15, 2014). "Vowel Fronting in Ulumanda' (South Sulawesi)". Sounds from around the Pacific Ocean. Retrieved April 19, 2024.

[Smith_1993-4] Smith, Beverly Kean (1993). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Pitu Ulunna Salu. University of Texas at Arlington.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]