525–404 BC Achaemenid province (satrapy)
The
Svenigorodsky cylinder seal depicting a Persian king thrusting his lance at an Egyptian pharaoh, while holding four captives on a rope.
[5]
[6]
[7]
The Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVII , alternatively 27th Dynasty or Dynasty 27 ), also known as the First Egyptian Satrapy (
Old Persian : Mudrāya
[8] ), was a province (
Satrapy ) of the
Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC and 404 BC. It was founded by
Cambyses II , the
King of Persia , after the
Battle of Pelusium (525 BC) and the
Achaemenid conquest of Egypt , and his subsequent crowning as
Pharaoh of Egypt . It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of
Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh. A second period of Achaemenid rule in Egypt occurred under the
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt (343–332 BC).
History
The last
pharaoh of the
26th Dynasty ,
Psamtik III , was defeated by
Cambyses II at the
battle of Pelusium in the eastern
Nile delta in May of 525 BC. Cambyses was crowned Pharaoh of Egypt in the summer of that year at the latest, beginning the first period of Persian rule over Egypt (known as the 27th Dynasty). Egypt was then joined with
Cyprus and
Phoenicia to form the sixth
satrapy of the
Achaemenid Empire , with
Aryandes as the local
satrap (provincial governor).
As Pharaoh of Egypt, Cambyses' reign saw the fiscal resources of traditional Egyptian temples diminished considerably. One decree, written on papyrus in
demotic script ordered a limitation on resources to all Egyptian temples, excluding
Memphis ,
Heliopolis and
Wenkhem (near
Abusir ). Cambyses left Egypt sometime in early 522 BC, dying en route to Persia, and was nominally succeeded briefly by his younger brother
Bardiya , although contemporary historians suggest Bardiya was actually
Gaumata , an impostor, and that the real Bardiya had been murdered some years before by Cambyses, ostensibly out of jealousy.
Darius I , suspecting this impersonation, led a coup against "Bardiya" in September of that year, overthrowing him and being crowned as King and Pharaoh the next morning.
As the new Persian King, Darius spent much of his time quelling rebellions throughout his empire. Sometime in late 522 BC or early 521 BC, a local Egyptian prince led a rebellion and declared himself Pharaoh
Petubastis III . The main cause of this rebellion is uncertain, but the
Ancient Greek military historian
Polyaenus states that it was oppressive taxation imposed by the satrap Aryandes. Polyaenus further writes that Darius himself marched to Egypt, arriving during a period of mourning for the death of the sacred
Herald of Ptah bull. Darius made a proclamation that he would award a sum of one hundred talents to the man who could produce the next Herald, impressing the Egyptians with his piety such that they flocked en masse to his side, ending the rebellion.
[9]
Egyptian statue of
Darius I , discovered in the Palace in
Susa .
[10]
Modern impression of an Achaemenid cylinder seal from
Iran , with king holding two lion griffins at bay and Egyptian
hieroglyphs reading "
Thoth is a protection over me". Circa 6th–5th century BC.
[11]
[12]
Darius took a greater interest in Egyptian internal affairs than Cambyses. He reportedly codified the laws of Egypt, and notably completed the excavation of a canal system at
Suez , allowing passage from the
Bitter Lakes to the
Red Sea , much preferable to the arduous desert land route. This feat allowed Darius to import skilled Egyptian laborers and artisans to construct his palaces in Persia. The result of this was a minor brain drain in Egypt, due to the loss of these skilled individuals, creating a demonstrable lowering of quality in Egyptian architecture and art from this period. Nevertheless, Darius was more devoted to supporting Egyptian temples than Cambyses, earning himself a reputation for religious tolerance in the region. In 497 BC, during a visit by Darius to Egypt, Aryandes was executed for treason, most likely for attempting to issue his own coinage, a visible attempt to distance Egypt from the rest of the Persian Empire.
[13]
[14] Darius died in 486 BC, and was succeeded by
Xerxes I .
Egyptian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 470 BCE.
Xerxes I tomb relief.
Upon the accession of Xerxes, Egypt again rebelled, this time possibly under
Psamtik IV , although different sources dispute that detail. Xerxes quickly quelled the rebellion, installing his brother
Achaemenes as satrap. Xerxes ended the privileged status of Egypt held under Darius, and increased supply requirements from the country, probably to fund his
invasion of Greece . Furthermore, Xerxes promoted the
Zoroastrian god
Ahura Mazda at the expense of traditional Egyptian deities, and permanently stopped the funding of Egyptian monuments. Xerxes was murdered in 465 BC by
Artabanus , beginning a dynastic struggle that ended with
Artaxerxes I being crowned the next King and Pharaoh.
In 460 BC another major Egyptian rebellion took place, led by a Libyan chief named
Inaros II , substantially assisted by the
Athenians of Greece.
[15] Inaros defeated an army led by Achaemenes, killing the satrap in the process, and took Memphis, eventually exerting control over large parts of Egypt. Inaros and his Athenian allies were finally defeated by a Persian army led by general
Megabyzus in 454 BC and consequently sent into retreat. Megabyzus promised Inaros no harm would come of him or his followers if he surrendered and submitted to Persian authority, terms Inaros agreed to. Nevertheless, Artaxerxes eventually had Inaros executed, although exactly how and when is a matter of dispute.
[16] Artaxerxes died in 424 BC.
Artaxerxes successor,
Xerxes II only ruled for forty-five days, being murdered by his brother
Sogdianus . Sogdianus was consequently murdered by his brother Ochus, who became
Darius II .
[17] Darius II ruled from 423 BC to 404 BC, and nearing the end of his reign a rebellion led by Amyrtaeus took place, potentially beginning as early as 411 BC. In 405 BC Amyrtaeus, with the help of Cretan mercenaries expelled the Persians from Memphis, declaring himself Pharaoh the next year and ending the 27th Dynasty. Darius II's successor,
Artaxerxes II made attempts to begin an expedition to retake Egypt, but due to political difficulty with his brother
Cyrus the Younger , abandoned the effort. Artaxerxes II was still recognized as the rightful Pharaoh in some parts of Egypt as late as 401 BC, although his sluggish response to the situation allowed Egypt to solidify its independence.
During the period of independent rule, three indigenous dynasties reigned: the
28th ,
29th , and
30th Dynasty .
Artaxerxes III (358 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief second period (343 BC), which is called the
31st Dynasty of Egypt .
The Achaemenid rule over Egypt had been often viewed as either weak or oppressive. H. P. Colburn (2019) analyses suggest Achaemenid legacy there was significant and the Egyptians had a wide variety of experiences in this period.
[18]
[19]
Pharaohs of the 27th Dynasty
Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions. The hieroglyph reads: "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Darius, living forever, year 36".
[20]
[21]
The pharaohs of the 27th Dynasty ruled for approximately 121 years, from 525 BC to 404 BC. Rulers with violet background were native Egyptian pharaohs who rebelled against the Achaemenid rule.
Timeline of the 27th Dynasty (Achaemenid Pharaohs only)
Satraps of the 27th Dynasty
Name of satrap
Rule
Reigning monarch
Comments
Aryandes
525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC
Cambyses II, Darius I
Deposed following a revolt in 522 BC, later restored in 518 BC then deposed again by Darius I
Pherendates
c.496–c.486 BC
Darius I
Possibly killed during a revolt
Achaemenes
c.486–459 BC
Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I
A brother of Xerxes I, later killed by the rebel
Inaros II
Arsames
c.454–c.406 BC
Artaxerxes I, Xerxes II, Artaxerxes II
Longest ruling satrap of Egypt
Historical sources
References
^ O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002).
Atlas of World History . Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43.
ISBN
9780195219210 .
^
Philip's Atlas of World History . 1999.
^ Davidson, Peter (2018).
Atlas of Empires: The World's Great Powers from Ancient Times to Today . i5 Publishing LLC.
ISBN
9781620082881 .
^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989).
The Times Atlas of World History . Times Books. p. 79.
ISBN
0723003041 .
^ "a Persian hero slaughtering an Egyptian pharaoh while leading four other Egyptian captives" Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions . Cambridge University Press. p. ix, photograph 4.6.
ISBN
9781139789387 .
^ "Victor, apparently wearing the tall Persian headdress rather than a crown, leads four bareheaded Egyptian captives by a rope tied to his belt. Victor spears a figure wearing Egyptian type crown." in Root, Margaret Cool (1979).
The king and kingship in Achaemenid art: essays on the creation of an iconography of empire . Diffusion, E.J. Brill. p. 182.
ISBN
9789004039025 .
^ "Another seal, also from Egypt, shows a Persian king, his left hand grasping an Egyptian with an Egyptian hairdo (pschent), whom he thrusts through with his lance while holding four prisoners with a rope around their necks." Briant, Pierre (2002).
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire . Eisenbrauns. p. 215.
ISBN
9781575061207 .
^ electricpulp.com.
"ACHAEMENID SATRAPIES – Encyclopaedia Iranica" . www.iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2017-09-30 .
^ Smith, Andrew.
"Polyaenus: Stratagems - Book 7" . www.attalus.org . Retrieved 2017-02-25 .
^ Razmjou, Shahrokh (1954).
Ars orientalis; the arts of Islam and the East . Freer Gallery of Art. pp.
81 –101.
^
"Museum item, accession number: 36.106.2" . www.metmuseum.org . Metropolitan Museum of Art.
^ Giovino, Mariana (2006). "Egyptian Hieroglyphs on Achaemenid Period Cylinder Seals". Iran . 44 . Iran, vol. 44: 105–114.
doi :
10.1080/05786967.2006.11834682 .
JSTOR
4300705 .
S2CID
193426061 .
^ electricpulp.com.
"DARIUS iii. Darius I the Great – Encyclopaedia Iranica" . www.iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2017-02-25 .
^ Klotz, David (19 September 2015).
"UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology - Persian Period" . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology . Retrieved 25 February 2017 .
^ Thucydides.
History of the Peloponnesian War .
^ Photius.
"Photius' excerpt of Ctesias' Persica (2)" . www.livius.org . Retrieved 2017-02-25 .
^ S. Zawadzki, "The Circumstances of Darius II's Accession" in Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 34 (1995-1996) 45-49
^ Colburn, Henry P. (2020). Archaeology of Empire in Achaemenid Egypt . Edinburgh University Press.
ISBN
9781474452366 .
JSTOR
10.3366/j.ctvss3wvv .
^ Colburn, Henry Preater (2014). The Archaeology of Achaemenid Rule in Egypt (PhD thesis).
hdl :
2027.42/107318 .
^ Goodnick Westenholz, Joan (2002).
"A Stone Jar with Inscriptions of Darius I in Four Languages" (PDF) . ARTA : 2.
^ Qahéri, Sépideh.
"Alabastres royaux d'époque achéménide" . L’Antiquité à la BnF (in French).
External links
See also
Territories/ dates
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Egypt
Canaan
Ebla
Mari
Kish /
Assur
Akshak /
Akkad
Uruk
Adab
Umma
Lagash
Ur
Elam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada I
Naqada II
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE)
(
Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE)
(Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II
(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period (
Naqada III ) Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail
Fish
Pen-Abu Animal
Stork
Canide
Bull
Scorpion I
Shendjw
Iry-Hor
Ka
Scorpion II
Narmer /
Menes
Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor
Ny-Hor
Hsekiu
Khayu
Tiu
Thesh
Neheb
Wazner
Nat-Hor
Mekh
Double Falcon
Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of Egypt
Narmer Palette
Narmer
Menes
Neithhotep ♀ (regent)
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Merneith ♀ (regent)
Den
Anedjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a
Sneferka
Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite
period (
Susa III ) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of Egypt
Hotepsekhemwy
Nebra/Raneb
Nynetjer
Ba
Nubnefer
Horus Sa
Weneg-Nebty
Wadjenes
Senedj
Seth-Peribsen
Sekhemib-Perenmaat
Neferkara I
Neferkasokar
Hudjefa I
Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite Kingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynasty
Jushur ,
Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma ,
En-tarah-ana
Babum ,
Puannum ,
Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum
Zuqaqip
Atab
Mashda
Arwium
Etana
Balih
En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish
Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynasty
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of
Aratta ")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug ,
Tizqar ,
Ilku
Iltasadum
Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")
[6]
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE)
Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of Egypt
Djoser
(First
Egyptian pyramids )
Sekhemkhet
Sanakht
Nebka
Khaba
Qahedjet
Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty (5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim
Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum
Lagash
En-hegal
Lugal- shaengur
Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug (Queen
Puabi )
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mes-he
Melamanna
Lugal-kitun
Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafre
Bikheris
Menkaure
Shepseskaf
Thamphthis
Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
Second kingdom of Mari
Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan
Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi
Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba ♀
Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu
Uruk II dynasty
Ensha- kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynasty
Pabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynasty
Ur-Nanshe
Akurgal
A'annepada
Meskiagnun
Elulu
Balulu
Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Userkaf
Sahure
Neferirkare Kakai
Neferefre
Shepseskare
Nyuserre Ini
Menkauhor Kaiu
Djedkare Isesi
Unas
Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik
Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions (3 kings)
[6]
Shushun- tarana
Napilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal
Ur-Lumma
Il
Gishakidu (Queen
Bara-irnun )
Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti
Userkare
Pepi I
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
Pepi II
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynasty
Lugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari
Invasion by
Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
[6]
Ukush
Lugalanda
Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynasty
Lugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire
Sargon of Akkad
Rimush
Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Menkare
Neferkare II
Neferkare Neby
Djedkare Shemai
Neferkare Khendu
Merenhor
Neferkamin
Nikare
Neferkare Tereru
Neferkahor
Neferkare Pepiseneb
Neferkamin Anu
Qakare Ibi
Neferkaure
Neferkauhor
Neferirkare
Second
Eblaite Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari (
Shakkanakku dynasty)
Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi ,
Imi ,
Nanum ,
Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
Hishep-Ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety
Neferkare VII
Nebkaure Khety
Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum
Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty (21 kings)
La-erabum
Si'um
Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu
Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba
Gudea
Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor
Neferkare VIII
Wahkare Khety
Merykare
Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)
[7]
Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
Ur-Nammu
Shulgi
Amar-Sin
Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasions
Kindattu (
Shimashki Dynasty )
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I
Intef I
Intef II
Intef III
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep III
Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite Kingdom (
Amorites )
Ibbit-Lim
Immeya
Indilimma
(
Amorite
Shakkanakkus )
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan (...)Lim Dynasty of
Mari (
Amorites )
Yaggid-Lim
Yahdun-Lim
Yasmah-Adad
Zimri-Lim (Queen
Shibtu )
Old Assyria
Puzur-Ashur I
Shalim-ahum
Ilu-shuma
Erishum I
Ikunum
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin
Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period (
Amorites )
Dynasty of Isin :
Ishbi-Erra
Shu-Ilishu
Iddin-Dagan
Ishme-Dagan
Lipit-Eshtar
Ur-Ninurta
Bur-Suen
Lipit-Enlil
Erra-imitti
Enlil-bani
Zambiya
Iter-pisha
Ur-du-kuga
Suen-magir
Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa :
Naplanum
Emisum
Samium
Zabaia
Gungunum
Abisare
Sumuel
Nur-Adad
Sin-Iddinam
Sin-Eribam
Sin-Iqisham
Silli-Adad
Warad-Sin
Rim-Sin I (...)
Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam
Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty
Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Amenemhat II
Senusret II
Senusret III
Amenemhat III
Amenemhat IV
Sobekneferu ♀
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham (
Biblical )
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Yamhad (
Yamhad dynasty ) (Amorites)
Old Assyria
(
Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites)
Shamshi-Adad I
Ishme-Dagan I
Mut-Ashkur
Rimush
Asinum
Ashur-dugul
Ashur-apla-idi
Nasir-Sin
Sin-namir
Ipqi-Ishtar
Adad-salulu
Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin
Ashur-dugul
Ashur-apla-idi
Nasir-Sin
Sin-namir
Ipqi-Ishtar
Adad-salulu
Adasi
(
Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE)
Bel-bani
Libaya
Sharma-Adad I
Iptar-Sin
Bazaya
Lullaya
Shu-Ninua
Sharma-Adad II
Erishum III
Shamshi-Adad II
Ishme-Dagan II
Shamshi-Adad III
Ashur-nirari I
Puzur-Ashur III
Enlil-nasir I
Nur-ili
Ashur-shaduni
Ashur-rabi I
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
Enlil-Nasir II
Ashur-nirari II
Ashur-bel-nisheshu
Ashur-rim-nisheshu
Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (
Amorites )
Sumu-abum
Sumu-la-El
Sin-muballit
Sabium
Apil-Sin
Sin-muballit
Hammurabi
Samsu-iluna
Abi-eshuh
Ammi-ditana
Ammi-saduqa
Samsu-Ditana
Early Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty ("
Sealand Dynasty ")
Ilum-ma-ili
Itti-ili-nibi
Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal
Shushushi
Gulkishar
m DIŠ+U-EN
Peshgaldaramesh
Ayadaragalama
Akurduana
Melamkurkurra
Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate Period
Sixteenth Dynasty
Abydos Dynasty
Seventeenth Dynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("
Hyksos ")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
Semqen
'Aper-'Anati
Sakir-Har
Khyan
Apepi
Khamudi
Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE)
Kirta
Shuttarna I
Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE
Tutankhamun
New Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I
Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (
Kassites )
Agum-Kakrime
Burnaburiash I
Kashtiliash III
Ulamburiash
Agum III
Karaindash
Kadashman-harbe I
Kurigalzu I
Kadashman-Enlil I
Burnaburiash II
Kara-hardash
Nazi-Bugash
Kurigalzu II
Nazi-Maruttash
Kadashman-Turgu
Kadashman-Enlil II
Kudur-Enlil
Shagarakti-Shuriash
Kashtiliashu IV
Enlil-nadin-shumi
Kadashman-Harbe II
Adad-shuma-iddina
Adad-shuma-usur
Meli-Shipak II
Marduk-apla-iddina I
Zababa-shuma-iddin
Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Hatshepsut ♀
Thutmose III
Amenhotep II
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten
Smenkhkare
Neferneferuaten ♀
Tutankhamun
Ay
Horemheb
Hittite Empire
Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I
Seti I
Ramesses II
Merneptah
Amenmesses
Seti II
Siptah
Twosret ♀
Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
Setnakhte
Ramesses III
Ramesses IV
Ramesses V
Ramesses VI
Ramesses VII
Ramesses VIII
Ramesses IX
Ramesses X
Ramesses XI
Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Osorkon the Elder
Siamun
Psusennes II
Phoenicia
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria
Eriba-Adad I
Ashur-uballit I
Enlil-nirari
Arik-den-ili
Adad-nirari I
Shalmaneser I
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Ashur-nadin-apli
Ashur-nirari III
Enlil-kudurri-usur
Ninurta-apal-Ekur
Ashur-dan I
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
Mutakkil-Nusku
Ashur-resh-ishi I
Tiglath-Pileser I
Asharid-apal-Ekur
Ashur-bel-kala
Eriba-Adad II
Shamshi-Adad IV
Ashurnasirpal I
Shalmaneser II
Ashur-nirari IV
Ashur-rabi II
Ashur-resh-ishi II
Tiglath-Pileser II
Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
Second Dynasty of Isin ")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
Itti-Marduk-balatu
Ninurta-nadin-shumi
Nebuchadnezzar I
Enlil-nadin-apli
Marduk-nadin-ahhe
Marduk-shapik-zeri
Adad-apla-iddina
Marduk-ahhe-eriba
Marduk-zer-X
Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak
Ea-mukin-zeri
Kashshu-nadin-ahi
Eulmash-shakin-shumi
Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
Shirikti-shuqamuna
Mar-biti-apla-usur
Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I
Osorkon I
Shoshenq II
Takelot I
Osorkon II
Shoshenq III
Shoshenq IV
Pami
Shoshenq V
Pedubast II
Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A
Takelot II
Pedubast I
Shoshenq VI
Osorkon III
Takelot III
Rudamun
Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht
Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria
Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II
Tukulti-Ninurta II
Ashurnasirpal II
Shalmaneser III
Shamshi-Adad V
Shammuramat ♀ (regent)
Adad-nirari III
Shalmaneser IV
Ashur-Dan III
Ashur-nirari V
Ninth Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
Shamash-mudammiq
Nabu-shuma-ukin I
Nabu-apla-iddina
Marduk-zakir-shumi I
Marduk-balassu-iqbi
Baba-aha-iddina (five kings)
Ninurta-apla-X
Marduk-bel-zeri
Marduk-apla-usur
Eriba-Marduk
Nabu-shuma-ishkun
Nabonassar
Nabu-nadin-zeri
Nabu-shuma-ukin II
Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty
Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa ("
Black Pharaohs ")
Piye
Shebitku
Shabaka
Taharqa
Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(
Sargonid dynasty )
Tiglath-Pileser †
Shalmaneser †
Marduk-apla-iddina II
Sargon †
Sennacherib †
Marduk-zakir-shumi II
Marduk-apla-iddina II
Bel-ibni
Ashur-nadin-shumi †
Nergal-ushezib
Mushezib-Marduk
Esarhaddon †
Ashurbanipal
Ashur-etil-ilani
Sinsharishkun
Sin-shumu-lishir
Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I
Psamtik I
Necho II
Psamtik II
Wahibre
Ahmose II
Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar
Nebuchadnezzar II
Amel-Marduk
Neriglissar
Labashi-Marduk
Nabonidus
Median Empire
Deioces
Phraortes
Madyes
Cyaxares
Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (
First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus
Cambyses
Darius I
Xerxes
Artaxerxes I
Darius II
Artaxerxes II
Artaxerxes III
Artaxerxes IV
Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and
Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy Keraunos
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Arsinoe II ♀
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Berenice II Euergetis ♀
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Arsinoe III Philopator ♀
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Cleopatra I Syra ♀
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Cleopatra II Philometor Soter ♀
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Cleopatra III ♀
Ptolemy IX Lathyros
Cleopatra IV ♀
Ptolemy X Alexander
Berenice III ♀
Ptolemy XI Alexander
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Cleopatra V ♀
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀
Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀
Ptolemy XIII
Ptolemy XIV
Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀
Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Arsinoe IV ♀
Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Argead dynasty :
Alexander III
Philip III
Alexander IV
Antigonid dynasty :
Antigonus I
Seleucid Empire :
Seleucus I
Antiochus I
Antiochus II
Seleucus II
Seleucus III
Antiochus III
Seleucus IV
Antiochus IV
Antiochus V
Demetrius I
Alexander III
Demetrius II
Antiochus VI Dionysus
Diodotus Tryphon
Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi
John Hyrcanus
Aristobulus I
Alexander Jannaeus
Salome Alexandra ♀
Hyrcanus II
Aristobulus II
Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas
Seleucus V Philometor
Antiochus VIII Grypus
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
Seleucus VI Epiphanes
Antiochus X Eusebes
Antiochus XI Epiphanes
Demetrius III Eucaerus
Philip I Philadelphus
Antiochus XII Dionysus
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire
Mithridates I
Phraates
Hyspaosines
Artabanus
Mithridates II
Gotarzes
Mithridates III
Orodes I
Sinatruces
Phraates III
Mithridates IV
Orodes II
Phraates IV
Tiridates II
Musa
Phraates V
Orodes III
Vonones I
Artabanus II
Tiridates III
Artabanus II
Vardanes I
Gotarzes II
Meherdates
Vonones II
Vologases I
Vardanes II
Pacorus II
Vologases II
Artabanus III
Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(
Roman conquest of Egypt )
Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under
Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II
Mithridates V
Vologases IV
Osroes II
Vologases V
Vologases VI
Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Ardashir I
Shapur I
Hormizd I
Bahram I
Bahram II
Bahram III
Narseh
Hormizd II
Adur Narseh
Shapur II
Ardashir II
Shapur III
Bahram IV
Yazdegerd I
Shapur IV
Khosrow
Bahram V
Yazdegerd II
Hormizd III
Peroz I
Balash
Kavad I
Jamasp
Kavad I
Khosrow I
Hormizd IV
Khosrow II
Bahram VI Chobin
Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire
Vaballathus
Zenobia ♀
Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima ,
Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(
Sasanian conquest of Egypt )
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz
Sahralanyozan
Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II
Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III
Shahrbaraz
Khosrow III
Boran ♀
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Azarmidokht ♀
Farrukh Hormizd
Hormizd VI
Khosrow IV
Boran
Yazdegerd III
Peroz III
Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima ,
Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia