The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international
treaty signed in 1818 between the
United States and the
United Kingdom. This treaty resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the
Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the
Columbia District of the
Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district
New Caledonia.
The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the
49th parallel north, in part because a straight-line boundary would be easier to survey than the pre-existing boundaries based on watersheds. The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the
Continental United States and the United States' first permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power, the second being the
Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The British ceded all of
Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and east of the
Continental Divide, including all of the
Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the United States ceded the northernmost edge of the
Missouri Territory north of the 49th parallel.
Provisions
The treaty name is variously cited as
"Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves",[1]"Convention of Commerce (Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of Slaves)",[2]
and "Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America".[3][4]
Article II set the boundary between
British North America and the United States along "a line drawn from the most
northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, [due south, then] along the
49th parallel of north latitude..." to the "Stony Mountains"[3] (now known as the
Rocky Mountains). Britain ceded all territory south of the 49th parallel, including portions of the
Red River Colony and
Rupert's Land (comprising parts of the present states of
Minnesota,
North Dakota, and
South Dakota). The United States ceded the portion of the
Louisiana Purchase lying north of the 49th parallel (the northernmost portion of the
Mississippi River watershed, including those parts of the
Milk River,
Poplar River, and
Big Muddy Creek watersheds in modern-day
Alberta and
Saskatchewan). The article settled a boundary dispute caused by ignorance of actual geography in the boundary agreed to in the 1783
Treaty of Paris, which ended the
American Revolutionary War. The earlier treaty had placed the boundary between the United States and British North America along a line extending westward from the
Lake of the Woods to the
Mississippi River. The parties did not realize that the river did not extend that far north and so such a line would never meet the river. In fixing the problem, the 1818 treaty created a
pene-enclave of the United States, the
Northwest Angle, the small section of the present state of
Minnesota that is the only part of the United States apart from Alaska that lies north of the 49th parallel.
Article III provided for
joint control of land in the
Oregon Country for ten years. Both could claim land and were guaranteed free navigation throughout.
Article IV confirmed the Anglo-American Convention of 1815,[5] which regulated commerce between the two parties, for an additional ten years.
Article V agreed to refer differences over a US claim arising from the
Treaty of Ghent, which ended the
War of 1812, to "some Friendly Sovereign or State to be named for that purpose." The claim in question was for the return of or compensation for
American slaves who had escaped to British-controlled territory or
Royal Navy warships when the treaty was signed. The article in question was about handing over property, and the US government claimed that the slaves were the property of its citizens.[3]
Article VI established that ratification would occur within six months of signing the treaty.
The treaty was negotiated for the US by
Albert Gallatin, ambassador to France, and
Richard Rush, minister to the UK; and for the UK by
Frederick John Robinson, Treasurer of the
Royal Navy and member of the
privy council, and
Henry Goulburn, an undersecretary of state.[4] The treaty was signed on October 20, 1818. Ratifications were exchanged on January 30, 1819.[1] The Convention of 1818, along with the
Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817, marked the beginning of improved relations between the
British Empire and its former colonies, and paved the way for more positive relations between the US and Canada although
repelling a US invasion was a defense priority in Canada until 1928.[6]
Despite the relatively friendly nature of the agreement, it resulted in a fierce struggle for control of the Oregon Country for the following two decades. The British-chartered Hudson's Bay Company, having previously established a trading network centered on
Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River, with other forts in what is now eastern Washington and Idaho as well as on the Oregon Coast and in Puget Sound, undertook a harsh campaign to restrict encroachment by US fur traders to the area. By the 1830s, the policy of discouraging settlement was undercut to some degree by the actions of
John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver, who regularly provided relief and welcome to US immigrants who had arrived at the post over the
Oregon Trail.
By the mid-1840s, the tide of US immigration, as well as a US political movement to claim the entire territory, led to a renegotiation of the agreement. The
Oregon Treaty in 1846 permanently established the
49th parallel as the boundary between the United States and British North America to the Pacific Ocean.[citation needed]
See also
Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, between the U.S. and Spain, resolved borders from Florida to the Pacific Ocean.
The
Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 resolved uncertainties left by the 1818 treaty, including the Northwest Angle problem, which had been created by the use of a faulty map.
Oregon boundary dispute, concerning the joint occupation of the Oregon Country by U.S. and British settlers.
The Gadsden Purchase, which completed the acquisition of the southwestern United States and completed the border between Mexico and the US in 1853 at the
32nd parallel and the
Rio Grande.
^
abLexUM (1999).
"CUS 1818/15 Subject: Commerce". Canado-American Treaties. University of Montreal. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved 2006-03-27.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link)