Times Square

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the area in Manhattan. For other uses, see Times Square (disambiguation).

Times Square
Neighborhood in Manhattan
New york times square-terabass.jpg
Official logo of Times Square
Looking south (top) and north (bottom)
Nickname(s): 
The Center of the Universe
The Crossroads of the World
The Great White Way
The Heart of the World
Location in New York City
Coordinates: 40°45′25″N 73°59′10″W / 40.757°N 73.986°W / 40.757; -73.986
Latitude and Longitude:
40°45′25″N 73°59′10″W / 40.757°N 73.986°W / 40.757; -73.986
Country  United States
State  New York
City New York City
Borough Manhattan
Community District Manhattan 5 [1]
Boundaries Broadway, 7th Avenue, 42nd and 47th Streets
Subway services 1, ​ 2, ​ 3​, 7, <7>​​, ​ A​, ​ C​, ​ E​, N, ​ Q, ​ R, ​ W​, and S trains at Times Square–42nd Street station
Bus routes M7, M20, M42, M50, M104
Historical features Duffy Square
George Michael Cohan statue
One Times Square

Times Square is a major commercial intersection, tourist destination, entertainment center, and neighborhood in the Midtown Manhattan section of New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Brightly lit by numerous billboards and advertisements, it stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets, [2] and is sometimes referred to as "the Crossroads of the World", [3] "the Center of the Universe", [4] "the heart of the Great White Way", [5] [6] [7] and "the heart of the world". [8] One of the world's busiest pedestrian areas, [9] it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District [10] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. [11] Times Square is one of the world's most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. [12] Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, [13] many of them tourists, [14] while over 460,000 pedestrians walk through Times Square on its busiest days. [8]

Formerly known as Longacre Square, Times Square was renamed in 1904 after The New York Times moved its headquarters to the then newly erected Times Building, now One Times Square. It is the site of the annual New Year's Eve ball drop, which began on December 31, 1907, and continues to attract over a million visitors to Times Square every year. [15] [16]

Times Square functions as a town square, but is not geometrically a square; it is closer in shape to a bowtie, with two triangles emanating roughly north and south from 45th Street, [17] where Seventh Avenue intersects Broadway. Broadway runs diagonally, crossing through the horizontal and vertical street grid of Manhattan laid down by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, and that intersection creates the "bowtie" shape of Times Square. [18]

The southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, [19] but the northern triangle is officially Duffy Square. It was dedicated in 1937 to World War I chaplain Father Francis P. Duffy of New York City's U.S. 69th Infantry Regiment and is the site of a memorial to him. There is also a statue of composer and entertainer George M. Cohan, [20] and the TKTS ticket booth for Broadway theaters.

History

Broadway at 42nd Street in 1898
A crowd outside The New York Times building follows the progress of the Jack Dempsey– Georges Carpentier fight in 1921.

Early history

When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th Street. These three streams formed the "Great Kill" (Dutch: Grote Kil). From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, [21] and emptied into a deep bay in the Hudson River at the present 42nd Street. [22] The name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. [23]

Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, a general of the New York militia, in which he served under George Washington. Scott's manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. In the first half of the 19th century, it became one of the prized possessions of John Jacob Astor, who made a second fortune selling off lots to hotels and other real estate concerns as the city rapidly spread uptown. [24]

By 1872, the area had become the center of New York's horse carriage industry. The locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. [25] William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there. In 1910, it became the Winter Garden Theatre. [26]

As more profitable commerce and industrialization of Lower Manhattan pushed homes, theaters, and prostitution northward from the Tenderloin District, Longacre Square became nicknamed the Thieves Lair for its rollicking reputation as a low entertainment district. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer and impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. [27] According to Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, "By the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons." [28]

1900s–1930s

In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs moved the newspaper's operations to a new skyscraper on 42nd Street at Longacre Square, on the site of the former Pabst Hotel, which had existed on the site for less than a decade since it opened in November 1899. [29] Ochs persuaded Mayor George B. McClellan Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed "Times Square" on April 8, 1904. [30] Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street and Broadway. [31] The north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre, constructed in 1911. [32]

The New York Times moved to more spacious offices one block west of the square in 1913 and sold the building in 1961. [30] The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963. [33] Now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Year's Eve.

In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway (at the southeast corner of Times Square) to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally ran 3,389 miles (5,454 km) coast to coast through 13 states to its western terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. [34] [35]

Times Square grew dramatically after World War I. [36] It became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. [36]

Times Square quickly became New York's agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, whether a World Series or a presidential election.

—  James Traub, The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square

Advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade. [37] For example, the Wrigley Spearmint Gum sign, possibly the biggest electric sign "in the world," cost $9,000 per month to rent. [38] Some contemporary critics, such as Thorstein Veblen [39] and G. K. Chesterton, [40] disliked the advertising at Times Square. Fritz Lang, after seeing Times Square in 1923, used it as inspiration for his dark industrial film Metropolis. [39]

Entertainment icons such as Irving Berlin, Charlie Chaplin, and Fred Astaire were closely associated with Times Square in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. However, it was also during this period that the area began to be besieged by crime and corruption, in the form of gambling and prostitution; one case that garnered huge attention was the arrest and subsequent execution of police officer Charles Becker. [41]

1930s–1950s

Crowds celebrating in Times Square on V-J Day (August 15, 1945)

The general atmosphere of Times Square changed with the onset of the Great Depression in the early 1930s. City residents moved uptown to cheaper neighborhoods, and many popular theaters closed, replaced by saloons, brothels, "burlesque halls, vaudeville stages, and dime houses". [42] The area acquired a reputation as a dangerous and seedy neighborhood in the following decades. [43]

Nevertheless, Times Square continued to be the site of the annual ball drop on New Year's Eve. The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year's Eve in 1942 and 1943 due to lighting restrictions during World War II. Instead, a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square, accompanied by the sound of chimes played from sound trucks.

On May 8, 1945, a massive crowd celebrated Victory in Europe Day in Times Square; [44] and on August 15, 1945, the largest crowd in the history of Times Square gathered to celebrate Victory over Japan Day. [45] The victory itself was announced by a headline on the "zipper" news ticker at One Times Square, which read "OFFICIAL *** TRUMAN ANNOUNCES JAPANESE SURRENDER ***", the six asterisks representing the branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. [46]

1960s–1980s

Camel Cigarettes sign, 1965. Below and near the letters "Cam" is smoke from a disintegrating smoke ring
Times Square, 1965; the My Fair Lady marquee is at center

From the 1960s to the early 1990s, the seediness of the area, especially due to its go-go bars, sex shops, peep shows, and adult theaters, became an infamous symbol of the city's decline. [47]

As early as 1960, 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenue was described by The New York Times as "the 'worst' [block] in town". [48] Later that decade, Times Square was depicted in Midnight Cowboy as gritty, dark, and desperate, and conditions only worsened in the 1970s and 1980s, as did the crime in the rest of the city. By 1984, an unprecedented 2,300 annual crimes occurred on that single block, of which 460 were serious felonies such as murder and rape.

At the time, police morale was low and petty criminals who committed misdemeanors were not being arrested. William Bratton, who was appointed New York City Police Commissioner in 1994 and again in 2014, stated, "The [NYPD] didn't want high performance; it wanted to stay out of trouble, to avoid corruption scandals and conflicts in the community. For years, therefore, the key to career success in the NYPD, as in many bureaucratic leviathans, was to shun risk and avoid failure. Accordingly, cops became more cautious as they rose in rank, right up to the highest levels." [49] The city government did not implement broken windows theory at first, and the allowance of low-profile crime was thought by some at the time to have caused more high-profile crimes to occur. [50] Formerly elegant movie theaters began to show porn, and hustlers were common. [51] The area was so abandoned at one point during the time that the entire Times Square area paid the city only $6 million in property taxes, which is less than what a medium-sized office building in Manhattan typically would produce in tax revenue today in 1984 dollars.

In the 1980s, a commercial building boom began in the western parts of Midtown as part of a long-term development plan developed under Mayors Ed Koch and David Dinkins.

Madame Tussauds Wax Museum and Ripley's Believe It or Not! Odditorium are two of the newer attractions on the redeveloped 42nd Street.

1990s

In 1990, the State of New York took possession of six of the nine historic theatres on 42nd Street, and the New 42nd Street non-profit organization was appointed to oversee their restoration and maintenance. The theatres underwent renovation for Broadway shows, conversion for commercial purposes, or demolition. [52]

In 1992, the Times Square Alliance (formerly the Times Square Business Improvement District, or "BID" for short), a coalition of city government and local businesses dedicated to improving the quality of commerce and cleanliness in the district, started operations in the area. [53]

In the mid-1990s, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani led an effort to clean up the area, an effort that is described by Steve Macek in Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, and the Moral Panic Over the City: Security was increased, pornographic theatres were closed, and "undesirable" low-rent residents were pressured to relocate, and then more tourist-friendly attractions and upscale establishments were opened. Advocates of the remodeling claim that the neighborhood is safer and cleaner. Detractors have countered that the changes have homogenized or "Disneyfied" the character of Times Square and have unfairly targeted lower-income New Yorkers from nearby neighborhoods such as Hell's Kitchen. [54] [55] The changes were shaped in large part by the actions of The Walt Disney Company, which bought and restored the New Amsterdam Theatre after several attempts at redevelopment had failed. As part of a contract with Disney, officials from the city and state evicted the pornographic theaters and contracted with Madame Tussauds and AMC Theatres to move onto 42nd Street. This spurred the construction of new office towers, hotels, and tourist attractions in the area. [56]

Times Square now boasts attractions such as ABC's Times Square Studios, where Good Morning America is broadcast live; competing Hershey's and M&M's stores across the street from each other, and multiple multiplex movie theaters. Additionally, the area contains restaurants such as Ruby Foo's, a Chinese eatery; the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, a seafood establishment; Planet Hollywood Restaurant and Bar, a theme restaurant; and Carmine's, serving Italian cuisine. It has also attracted several large financial, publishing, and media firms to set up headquarters in the area. A larger presence of police has improved the safety of the area. [52]

The theatres of Broadway and the huge number of animated neon and LED signs have been one of New York's iconic images as well as a symbol of the intensely urban aspects of Manhattan. Such signage is mandated by zoning ordinances that require building owners to display illuminated signs, the only district in New York City with this requirement. [57] The neighborhood has a minimum limit for lighting instead of the standard maximum limit. [58] The density of illuminated signs in Times Square rivals that in Las Vegas. Officially, signs in Times Square are called "spectaculars", and the largest of them are called " jumbotrons". This signage ordinance was implemented in accordance with guidelines set in a revitalization program that New York Governor Mario Cuomo implemented in 1993. [52]

The " Naked Cowboy" – who is not naked – has been a fixture on Times Square for decades.

Notable signage includes the Toshiba billboard directly under the NYE ball drop, the curved seven-story NASDAQ sign at the NASDAQ MarketSite at 4 Times Square on 43rd Street, and the curved Coca-Cola sign located underneath another large LED display owned and operated by Samsung. Both the Coca-Cola sign and Samsung LED displays were built by LED display manufacturer Daktronics. Times Square's first environmentally friendly billboard powered by wind and solar energy was first lit on December 4, 2008. [59] On completion, the 20 Times Square development will host the largest LED signage in Times Square at 18,000 square feet. [60] The display will be 1,000 square feet larger than the Times Square Walgreens display and one of the largest video-capable screens in the world. [61]

2000s–present

In 2002, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani administered the oath of office to the city's next mayor, Michael Bloomberg, at Times Square after midnight on January 1 as part of the 2001–2002 New Year's celebration. Approximately 500,000 revelers attended. Security was high following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, with more than 7,000 New York City police officers on duty in the Square, twice the number for an ordinary year. [62]

Looking southeast at TKTS ticket booth on a sunny afternoon in Times Square

Times Square started hosting other major annual events in the 2000s. Since 2002, the summer solstice has been marked by "Mind over Madness", a mass yoga event involving up to 15,000 people. Tim Tompkins, a co-founder of the event, said part of its appeal was "finding stillness and calm amid the city rush on the longest day of the year". [63] [64] Architect Mark Foster Gage proposed and designed the original Times Square Valentine's Day heart in 2009. Since then, designing the heart has become an annual competition. [65] [66]

In February 2011, Times Square became smoke-free as New York extended the outdoors smoking ban to the area. The measure imposed a $50 fine for any person caught smoking within the area. [67]

From January 29 to February 1, 2014, a "Super Bowl Boulevard" was held on Broadway, especially in Times Square, between 34th and 47th Streets, as part of Super Bowl XLVIII. The boulevard contained activities such as autographs, a 60 feet (18 m)-high toboggan run, and photographs with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. [68] [69] [70] The area was under increased security and saw over 400,000 people during the period. [71]

Pedestrian plaza

Pedestrian plaza
Pilot program (2009)
Temporary conversion (2012)
Permanent reconstruction (2017)

On February 26, 2009, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that traffic lanes along Broadway from 42nd Street to 47th Street would be de-mapped starting Memorial Day 2009 and transformed into pedestrian plazas as a trial until at least the end of the year. The same was done in Herald Square from 33rd to 35th Street. The goal was to ease traffic congestion throughout the midtown grid. The results were to be closely monitored to determine if the project was successful and should be extended. [72] Bloomberg also stated that he believed the street shutdown would make New York more livable by reducing pollution, cutting down on pedestrian-vehicle accidents, and helping traffic flow more smoothly. [73]

The pedestrian plaza project was originally opposed by local businesses, who thought that closing the street to cars would hurt business. [74] The original seats put out for pedestrians were inexpensive multicolored plastic lawn chairs, a source of amusement to many New Yorkers; they lasted from the onset of the plaza transformation until August 14, 2009, when they were ceremoniously bundled together in an installation christened Now You See It, Now You Don't by the artist Jason Peters, and shortly afterward were replaced by sturdier metal furniture. [75] Although the plaza had mixed results on traffic in the area, injuries to motorists and pedestrians decreased, fewer pedestrians were walking in the road, and the number of pedestrians in Times Square increased. [76] On February 11, 2010, Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would become permanent. [77]

The city started rebuilding the plaza in 2010, hiring the design and landscaping firm Snøhetta to permanently replace Broadway's roadway with custom-made granite pavers and benches. [78] By December 2013, the first phase of the Times Square pedestrian plaza had been completed at the southern end of the square in time for the Times Square Ball drop on New Year's Eve. [79] The project was originally intended to be completed by the end of 2015. [79] The entire project was finally completed just before New Year's Eve 2016. [80] Some safety bollards were also installed as part of the renovation to prevent vehicular attacks or collisions on the sidewalk. [81] After a fatal 2017 car crash, there were calls to install more bollards along Times Square. [82]

Times Square's pedestrian plaza is frequented by topless women (with painted breasts) called " desnudas", as well as costumed characters, who typically panhandle for tips. [83] The pedestrian plaza became a source of controversy in the summer of 2015 because of a large number of complaints about the topless women and panhandling characters. [84] Although neither of these activities was illegal, opponents believed that the panhandlers' presence was detrimental to the quality of life in the area. [85] There were calls from Police Commissioner Bratton and Mayor Bill de Blasio to remove the plaza, although Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer opposed the proposal. [85] In June 2016, work started on "pedestrian flow zones" where no one was allowed to loiter, as well as "activity zones" where costumed characters were allowed to perform. [86]

Incidents

There have been several incidents in Times Square:

  • On the morning of March 6, 2008, a small bomb caused minor damage, but there were no reported injuries. [87]
  • On May 1, 2010, Times Square was evacuated from 43rd to 46th Streets following the discovery of a car bomb. It was found to be a failed bombing. [88]
  • On May 18, 2017, a car crash at Times Square killed one person and injured 22 others. [89] [90]
  • On August 7, 2019, shortly after the shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, a backfiring motorcycle resulted in a stampede due to the sound being mistaken for gunfire; the stampede injured at least twelve people. [91]
  • On May 8, 2021, a dispute between a group of men led to a shooting in which three bystanders were wounded, including a four-year-old girl. [92]

Number of visitors

Times Square is the most visited place globally with 360,000 pedestrian visitors a day, amounting to over 131 million a year. [93] As of 2013, it had a greater attendance than do each of the Disney theme parks worldwide, with 128,794,000 visitors between March 2012 and February 2013, versus 126,479,000 for the Walt Disney World theme parks in Bay Lake, Florida, in 2012. [93] [94]

Even excluding residents from the visitor count, Times Square is the world's second most visited tourist attraction, behind the Las Vegas Strip. [95] The high level of pedestrian traffic has resulted in $4.8 billion in annual retail, entertainment, and hotel sales, [96] with 22 cents out of every dollar spent by visitors in New York City being spent within Times Square. [96] [97]

Since the start of the pandemic in 2020, a lot fewer people have been coming to Times Square. Before the pandemic, around 200 tour bus tickets were sold daily, but now, it is often that only two or three tickets are sold a day. About 108,000 pedestrians visit Times Square each day compared to the 380,000 before the pandemic. Major crime in the Midtown South precinct has declined by nearly 22 percent. [98]

New Year's Eve celebrations

See also: Times Square Ball
The Times Square Ball in 2007

Times Square is the site of the annual New Year's Eve ball drop. About one million revelers crowd Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebrations, more than twice the usual number of visitors the area usually receives daily. [99] However, for the millennium celebration on December 31, 1999, published reports stated approximately two million people overflowed Times Square, flowing from Sixth Avenue to Eighth Avenue and back on Broadway and Seventh Avenue to 59th Street, making it the largest gathering in Times Square since August 1945 during celebrations marking the end of World War II. [100]

On December 31, 1907, a ball signifying New Year's Day was first dropped at Times Square, [101] and the Square has held the main New Year's celebration in New York City ever since. On that night, hundreds of thousands of people congregate to watch the Waterford Crystal ball being lowered on a pole atop the building, marking the start of the new year. It replaced a lavish fireworks display from the top of the building that was held from 1904 to 1906 but stopped by city officials because of the danger of fire. Beginning in 1908, and for more than eighty years thereafter, Times Square sign maker Artkraft Strauss was responsible for the ball-lowering. During World War II, a minute of silence, followed by a recording of church bells pealing, replaced the ball drop because of wartime blackout restrictions. Today, Countdown Entertainment and One Times Square handle the New Year's Eve event in conjunction with the Times Square Alliance. [101] A new energy-efficient LED ball debuted for the arrival of 2008, which was the centennial of the Times Square ball drop. The 2008–09 ball is larger and has become a permanent installation as a year-round attraction, being used for celebrations on days such as Valentine's Day and Halloween. [101]

The New Year's Day celebrations are usually overseen by thousands of police officers. Aluminum barriers are erected to accommodate spectators; for the 2020 celebration, attended by a million people, barriers were erected from 38th to 59th Street and from Sixth to Eighth Avenue. [102] Typically, the celebrations create large amounts of waste. The New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 a.m. on New Year's Day 2014, it had cleared over 50 short tons (45 long tons; 45 t) of trash from the New Year's celebration, using 190 workers from their crews and the Times Square Alliance. [103]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Times Square was closed to the public for New Year's Day 2021 and observers were dispersed into enclosures measuring 8 by 8 feet (2.4 by 2.4 m). [102] [104]

Notable landmarks

The Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway once housed the Paramount Theatre, where Frank Sinatra had bobby-soxers screaming and fainting in the aisles
One Astor Plaza (1515 Broadway) is the headquarters of Viacom. It replaced the Astor Hotel in 1972, when Times Square redevelopment plans allowed oversized office towers if they included new theatres. [105]

Times Square is a busy intersection of art and commerce, where scores of advertisements – electric, neon and illuminated signs and "zipper" news crawls – vie for viewers' attention. Notable examples include:

In popular culture

Times Square looking north from 44th Street

An immediately recognizable location, Times Square has been featured countless times in literature, films, video games, music videos, and on television.

The seediness of the area was featured prominently in such films as Midnight Cowboy [107] (1969), Born to Win [108] (1971), and Taxi Driver (1976). [109] The area was shown in the 1980 film Times Square, which featured a punk rock/ new wave soundtrack. [110] It was also depicted in the 2011 movie New Year's Eve. [111] The area also appeared on The Amazing Race as the starting location in a race around the world in the first episode of the show's 25th season, [112] as well as on the sixth season of the Israeli edition of The Amazing Race with teams finishing their second leg in Times Square. [113]

Times Square has been fictionally attacked and destroyed in several movies, including Knowing, when a solar flare destroys New York City; [114] Deep Impact, when a tsunami created from a meteor impact destroys New York City; the 1998 film Godzilla, where Godzilla is chased through the square; the Ghostbusters movies; Stephen King's The Stand, where the intersection is overcome by total anarchy; Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. It was also seen in the festival battle scene in the 2002 film Spider-Man, and a stand-off in the later film The Amazing Spider-Man 2. [115]

Films and TV shows have also employed the opposite tactic, depicting the typically bustling area as eerily still, such as in Vanilla Sky, [116] as well as the post-apocalyptic I Am Legend, in which Will Smith and his dog go hunting for deer in the deserted urban canyon. [114] In the pilot episode of the TV series Blindspot, Times Square is completely emptied due to an abandoned bag being suspected to be a bomb. [117]

Times Square also has featured prominently in video games. For instance, in Grand Theft Auto IV, a recreation of the Times Square area referred to in-game as "Star Junction", is included in the game's fictional " Liberty City" setting. [114] Times Square is also shown in Battlefield 3, where the final fight with the main antagonist takes place, where the player must stop him from detonating a nuclear bomb in the square; and Crysis 2, in which player must fight off attacking alien forces to assist U.S. Marines in evacuating the area. [118]

The northern part of the square in 2004 before reconstruction, with Two Times Square in the center

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  2. ^ Rybczynski, Witold. City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World New York: Scribner, 1995. p.27. ISBN  0-684-81302-5. Quote: "...despite its name [Times Square] is really a street intersection, not a square."
  3. ^ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". The Digital Journalist. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  4. ^ Explore Manhattan Neighborhoods: The Center of the Universe (aka Times Square). Her Campus (March 22, 2011). Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
  5. ^ Federal Writers' Project (author). New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide. Best Books (1939) ISBN  9781603540551 page 170 [1] Quote: "The phrase 'Great White Way' is supposed to have been coined in 1901 by O. J. Gude, an advertising man, who is said also to have been the first to see the tremendous possibilities of electric display."
  6. ^ Tell, Darcy. Times Square spectacular: lighting up Broadway New York: HarperCollins, 2007
  7. ^ Allen, Irving Lewis. The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Quote: "By 1910, the blocks of Broadway just above 42nd Street were at the very heart of the Great White Way. The glow of Times Square symbolized the center of New York, if not of the world."
  8. ^ a b Noah Remnick and Tatiana Schlossberg (August 24, 2015). "New York Today:Transforming Times Square". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  9. ^ "The Most Jivin' Streetscapes in the World". Luigi Di Serio. 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  10. ^ "Times Square". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  11. ^ "New York Architecture Images- Midtown Times Square". 2011 nyc-architecture. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  12. ^ Ann Shields (November 10, 2014). "The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions – No. 3: Times Square, New York City – Annual Visitors: 50,000,000". Travel+Leisure. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  13. ^ Owen, David (January 21, 2013). "The Psychology of Space – Can a Norwegian firm solve the problems of Times Square?". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  14. ^ Hellman, Peter (May 19, 1997). "Bright Lights, Big Money". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. 30 (19): 48. ISSN  0028-7369.
  15. ^ Times Square History, NYC Tourist. Accessed February 26, 2017. "Times Square is a major commercial intersection in central Manhattan at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. It acquired its name in 1904 when Albert Ochs, publisher of The New York Times, moved the newspaper's headquarters to a new skyscraper on what was then known as Longacre Square."
  16. ^ Dunlap, David W. "1907-8 | The Times Drops the Ball", The New York Times, January 1, 2015. Accessed November 1, 2016. "After two more years of pyrotechnics, The Times found a less flammable way to signal the moment of midnight: an iron-and-wood ball, five feet in diameter, on which 100 25-watt bulbs were mounted. It was to be lowered down a flagstaff at midnight on Dec. 31, 1907."
  17. ^ "Times Square is not a square," Urban Magazine (May 9, 2011).
  18. ^ Dunlap, David W. "COMMERCIAL PROPERTY: Times Square Novelty; North of Duffy Sq., a Butler-on-Every-Floor Hotel", The New York Times, June 10, 1990. Accessed February 26, 2017. "With its hot nightclubs, dazzling signs and sprawling showrooms, the block at the northern end of the 'bowtie' formed by Broadway and Seventh Avenue was always an important part of old Times Square."
  19. ^ "Times Square" New York City Geographic Information Service map
  20. ^ Harris, Stephen L. Duffy's War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I, Potomac Books, 2006
  21. ^ Gerard T. Koeppel, Water for Gotham: A History, 2001:10.
  22. ^ Sanderson, Eric W. Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City, 2009: Appendix A p 253; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", in Historic New York, M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.
  23. ^ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999, p.721.
  24. ^ Ulam, Alex (June 2, 2008). "John Jacob Astor: The making of a hardnosed speculator | The Real Deal | New York Real Estate News". The Real Deal. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  25. ^ Kelly, Frank Bergen. Historical Guide to the City of New York New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1909
  26. ^ Stavrou, Gene. "Where was the American Horse Exchange? – TreebaseNYC". www.treebase.com. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  27. ^ Dunning, Jennifer. "A Walking Tour of the Past and Present on Broadway", The New York Times, July 13, 1979. Accessed November 1, 2016. "The old stock and repertory company system made way for the Broadway hit and greater profits for the theater manager and owner, which, in turn, led to the rise of such theatrical entrepreneurs as Oscar Hammerstein, who struck out into the wilds of 44th and 45th Streets in 1895 to build his huge Olympia Theater in the 'Thieves Lair' area of Broadway."
  28. ^ Burrows and Wallace 1999:1149.
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Bibliography

External links

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