^
abcdIn New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (am, can, had, etc.) and some learned or less common words (alas, carafe, lad, etc.) have [æ].[6]
^In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs began, ran, and swam have [æ].[7]
^In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone in this context have [ɛə].[6]
^The untensed /æ/ may be lowered and retracted as much as [
ä] in varieties affected by the
Canadian Shift.[14]
^In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like avenue being tense) and variability is common before /dʒ/ and /z/ as in imagine, magic, and jazz.[16] In New Orleans, [ɛə] additionally occurs before /v/ and /z/.[17]
Duncan, Daniel (2016).
"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study"(PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America.
doi:
10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.