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Squatting in Zimbabwe is the settlement of land or buildings without the permission of the owner. Squatting began under colonialism. After Zimbabwe was created in 1980, peasant farmers and squatters disputed the distribution of land. Informal settlements have developed on the periphery of cities such as Chitungwiza and the capital Harare. In 2005, Operation Murambatsvina (Operation Drive out filth) evicted an estimated 700,000 people.
History
Squatting on the territory that would later become Zimbabwe began under colonialism and was governed by laws such as the 1894 Matebeleland Order-in-Council, the 1898 Southern Rhodesia Order-in-Council, the 1930 Land Apportionment Act, and the 1969 Land Tenure Act. [1] Starting in the late 1970s, informal settlements appeared on the periphery of Harare and were routinely demolished, except for Epworth which survived because of its size (about 50,000 people). [2]
When the government purchased land from White farmers as part of land reforms following the creation of Zimbabwe in 1980, a conflict developed between peasant farmers (represented by the National Farmers Association of Zimbabwe) and squatters over who should get the land. Despite being under-represented politically, squatters often gained land, simply by taking it. They were aided by the inefficiency of the government. [3] In 1983, ZANU–PF launched Operation Clean-up and demolished many informal settlements in Harare. [4]
Sometimes squatting is used as a housing tactic by workers who have recently been made unemployed, such as miners from closed down mines or agricultural workers from farms bought up by the government. In cases such as these, the authorities are more lenient and tolerate the squatters, for example at Insiza District near Bulawayo. [5]
By 2015, a housing crisis had developed and informal settlements were booming on the periphery of Harare in districts such as Amsterdam, Borrowdale, Hopley Farm, Mabvuku and Waterfalls, as well as nearby Chitungwiza. [6]
Operation Murambatsvina
In 2005, the ruling ZANU–PF began Operation Murambatsvina (Operation Drive out filth), which was intended to reduce crime by eradicating the slums of Zimbabwe. Three children died as their homes were demolished. [7] Groups such as Amnesty International condemned the evictions, with US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice calling on the Africa Union to take action. [8] The union refused to take steps concerning the actions of an elected government and South African President Thabo Mbeki questioned why the international community was bothered by the situation in Zimbabwe when three million people had died in civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. [7]
Opposition leaders in Zimbabwe suggested that the evictions were aimed at punishing slum dwellers for not voting for ZANU-PF. [7] After three weeks of evictions, President Robert Mugabe responded that the operation was a "a vigorous clean-up campaign to restore sanity" in which around 30,000 people had been arrested. [9] The United Nations envoy Anna Tibaijuka estimated that 700,000 people had been evicted and over two million people had been affected. Mugabe's administration blocked aid efforts. [10] John Vidal wrote in The Guardian "the vilification of Mugabe is now out of control". [11] In Bulawayo, squatters returned to their demolished shacks and started rebuilding them. [10]
References
- ^ Nkiwane, Victor (1993–1994). "The problem of urban squatting in Africa countries – with a special focus on Nairobi (Kenya) and Harare (Zimbabwe)" (PDF). Zimbabwe Law Review. 11.
- ^ Mpofu, Busani (14 September 2012). "Perpetual 'Outcasts'? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe". Afrika Focus. 25 (2). doi: 10.21825/af.v25i2.4946.
- ^ Herbst, Jeffrey (8 January 2021). "Conflict over land: Communal farmers versus squatters". State Politics in Zimbabwe. University of California. pp. 63–81. ISBN 978-0-520-36561-2. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ Matamanda, Abraham R. (December 2020). "Living in an Emerging Settlement: the Story of Hopley Farm Settlement, Harare Zimbabwe". Urban Forum. 31 (4): 473–487. doi: 10.1007/s12132-020-09394-5.
- ^ Harts-Broekhuis, Annelet; Huisman, Henk (August 2001). "Resettlement revisited: Land reform results in resource-poor regions in Zimbabwe". Geoforum. 32 (3): 285–298. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7185(00)00032-4.
- ^ Matabvu, Debra; Agere, Harmony (11 January 2015). "Squatters: Housing shortages or lawlessness?". The Sunday Mail. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "Africa rejects action on Zimbabwe". BBC News. 24 June 2005. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "Africa urged to act over Zimbabwe". BBC News. 23 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "Mugabe defends township crackdown". BBC News. 9 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Zimbabwe: Mugabe's clean-up victims flock back to squatter camps – Zimbabwe". Zim Online. 21 September 2005. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ Vidal, John (1 July 2005). "Zimbabwe is being hypocritically vilified by the west". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
Further reading
- Hughes, David McDermott (December 1999). "Refugees and Squatters: Immigration and the Politics of Territory on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique Border". Journal of Southern African Studies. 25 (4): 533–552. doi: 10.1080/030570799108461.
