Genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
This article is about the bacterial genus. For the generic term that includes species in other genera, see
Rhizobia .
Rhizobium is a
genus of
Gram-negative
soil
bacteria that
fix nitrogen . Rhizobium species form an
endosymbiotic
nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily)
legumes and other flowering plants.
The bacteria colonize plant cells to form
root nodules , where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into
ammonia using the enzyme
nitrogenase . The ammonia is shared with the host plant in the form of organic nitrogenous compounds such as
glutamine or
ureides .
[3] The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with
organic compounds made by
photosynthesis . This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the
rhizobia , of which the genus Rhizobium is a typical example.
[4] Rhizobium is also capable of solubilizing phosphate.
[5]
History
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate and cultivate a
microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888.
[6] He named it Bacillus radicicola , which is now placed in
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium .
Research
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants, such as legumes, fixing nitrogen from the air into
ammonia , which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. The
Agricultural Research Service is conducting research involving the
genetic mapping of various rhizobial species with their respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers.
[7]
In molecular biology, Rhizobium has been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.
[8] The presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as contaminants may be due to the use of nitrogen gas in ultra-pure water production to inhibit microbial growth in storage tanks.
[9]
Species
The genus Rhizobium comprises the following species:
[10]
Species in "parentheses" have been described, but not validated according to the
Bacteriological Code .
[10]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).
[10] The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.
[16]
Notes
^ This species belongs in
Pararhizobium , but hasn't been formally transferred, yet.
^
a
b
c
d
e These species belong in
Neorhizobium , but haven't been formally transferred, yet.
^ This species belongs in
Peteryoungia , but hasn't been formally transferred, yet.
References
^ Frank, B. (1889). "Über die Pilzsymbiose der Leguminosen". Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft . 7 : 332–346.
^ Skerman, VB; McGowan, V; Sneath, PH (1980).
"Approved lists of bacterial names" . International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . 30 : 225–420.
doi :
10.1099/00207713-30-1-225 .
^ Thilakarathna, Malinda S.; Raizada, Manish N. (2018-01-01).
"Visualizing Glutamine Accumulation in Root Systems Involved in the Legume–Rhizobia Symbiosis by Placement on Agar Embedded with Companion Biosensor Cells" . Phytobiomes Journal . 2 (3): 117–128.
doi :
10.1094/PBIOMES-07-18-0031-TA .
^ Sawada, Hiroyuki; Kuykendall, L. David; Young, John M. (June 2003).
"Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts" . The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology . 49 (3): 155–79.
doi :
10.2323/jgam.49.155 .
PMID
12949698 .
^ Sridevi, M; Mallaiah, KV (March 2009).
"Phosphate solubilization by Rhizobium strains" . Indian Journal of Microbiology . 49 (1): 98–102.
doi :
10.1007/s12088-009-0005-1 .
PMC
3450048 .
PMID
23100757 .
^ Beijerinck, Martinus W. (1888). "Die Bacteriender Papilionaceenknöllchen". Bot.Ztg . 46 .
^
"Marvelous Microbe Collections Accelerate Discoveries To Protect People, Plants—and More!" . Agricultural Research . United States Department of Agriculture. January 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2018 .
^ Salter, Susannah J.; Cox, Michael J.; Turek, Elena M.; Calus, Szymon T.; Cookson, William O.; Moffatt, Miriam F.; et al. (November 2014).
"Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses" . BMC Biology . 12 : 87.
bioRxiv
10.1101/007187 .
doi :
10.1186/s12915-014-0087-z .
ISSN
1741-7007 .
PMC
4228153 .
PMID
25387460 .
^ Kulakov, Leonid A.; McAlister, Morven B.; Ogden, Kimberly L.; Larkin, Michael J.; O'Hanlon, John F. (April 2002).
"Analysis of bacteria contaminating ultrapure water in industrial systems" . Applied and Environmental Microbiology . 68 (4): 1548–1555.
doi :
10.1128/AEM.68.4.1548-1555.2002 .
PMC
123900 .
PMID
11916667 .
^
a
b
c Euzéby, JP; Parte, AC.
"Rhizobiaceae " .
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved September 16, 2022 .
^ Diange, Eboa Adolf; Lee, Sang-Seob (June 2013). "Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from chloroethylenes contaminated soil". Current Microbiology . 66 (6): 599–605.
doi :
10.1007/s00284-013-0313-x .
PMID
23377488 .
S2CID
17809044 .
^ Kesari, Vigya; Ramesh, Aadi Moolam; Rangan, Latha (2013).
"Rhizobium pongamiae sp. nov. from root nodules of Pongamia pinnata " . BioMed Research International . 2013 : 165198.
doi :
10.1155/2013/165198 .
PMC
3783817 .
PMID
24078904 .
^ Xu, Lin; Zhang, Yong; Deng, Zheng Shan; Zhao, Liang; Wei, Xiu Li; Wei, Ge Hong (March 2013). "Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 103 (3): 559–65.
doi :
10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x .
PMID
23142858 .
S2CID
18660422 .
^ Wang, Fang; Wang, En Tao; Wu, Li Juan; Sui, Xin Hua; Li, Ying Li; Chen, Wen Xin (November 2011).
"Rhizobium vallis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species" . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 61 (11): 2582–2588.
doi :
10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0 .
PMID
21131504 .
^ Silva, Claudia; Vinuesa, Pablo; Eguiarte, Luis E; Souza, Valeria; Martínez-Romero, Esperanza (November 2005). "Evolutionary genetics and biogeographic structure of Rhizobium gallicum sensu lato , a widely distributed bacterial symbiont of diverse legumes". Molecular Ecology . 14 (13): 4033–50.
doi :
10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02721.x .
PMID
16262857 .
S2CID
16668742 .
^ Hördt, Anton; López, Marina García; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Schleuning, Marcel; Weinhold, Lisa-Maria; Tindall, Brian J.; Gronow, Sabine; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Woyke, Tanja; Göker, Markus (7 April 2020).
"Analysis of 1,000+ Type-Strain Genomes Substantially Improves Taxonomic Classification of Alphaproteobacteria" . Frontiers in Microbiology . 11 : 468.
doi :
10.3389/fmicb.2020.00468 .
PMC
7179689 .
PMID
32373076 .
External links