D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930). The English philosopher
Bertrand Russell characterized Lawrence as a "proto-German fascist".[13] This characterization is useful as a demarcation point between
Fascism and proto-fascism. The former has
totalitarian uniformity as its paradigm, but Russell is referring to
Lawrence as a "nonconformist prophet" struggling with individual alienation, looking to the shared identity of ancestral blood and soil for reconnection i.e. an evolution of the German 19th-century
Völkisch movement,[14][15] an ideology that was adopted by the National Socialist movement.
Francesco Crispi (1818–1901). The known Sicilian statesman was admired by the dictator Mussolini and considered by many scholars as a precursor of Italian fascist regime, due to his
authoritarian policies, the nationalist character, his strongman reputation and the aggressive colonial policy implemented during his government.[17][18]
^James Crossley and Robert J. Myles, Jesus: A Life in Class Conflict, Zer0 Books, 2023, pp. 260-261; Robert J. Myles, Opiate of Christ: or, John's Gospel and the Spectre of Class." Postscripts 7:3. 2016, 257-277.
^Tennyson, G. B. (1973). "The Carlyles". In DeLaura, David J. (ed.). Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. p. 78.
ISBN9780873522502. G. I. Morris in "Divine Hitler" ([Die Neueren Sprachen], 1935) cites his own experience . . . A headmaster had told his students that 'Ruskin and Carlyle were the first National Socialists.'
^Mazis, John (2014). Man For All Seasons: The Uncompromising Life of Ion Dragoumis. The Isis Press.
ISBN978-9754285277.
^Kurlander, Eric (2002). "The Rise of Völkisch-Nationalism and the Decline of German Liberalism: A Comparison of Liberal Political Cultures in Schleswig-Holstein and Silesia 1912-1924". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire. 9 (1): 23–36.
doi:
10.1080/13507480120116182.
ISSN1350-7486.
S2CID145167949.
^The Randolph Churchill of Italy, by David Gilmour, The Spectator, June 1, 2002 (Review of Francesco Crispi, 1818-1901: From Nation to Nationalism, by Christopher Duggan)