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Tolbachik
Ostry Tolbachik from Southwest
Highest point
Elevation	3,682 m (12,080 ft)
Prominence	2,190 m (7,190 ft) [1] [2]
Listing	Ultra
Coordinates	55°49′51″N 160°19′33″E / 55.83083°N 160.32583°E / 55.83083; 160.32583 [1]
Geography
Tolbachik Location on Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
Location	Kamchatka, Russia
Parent range	Eastern Range
Geology
Mountain type	Shield volcano and stratovolcano
Last eruption	2012 to 2013
Climbing
Easiest route	basic rock/snow climb

Tolbachik ( Russian: Толбачик) is a volcanic complex on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. It consists of two volcanoes, Plosky (flat) Tolbachik (3,085 m) and Ostry (sharp) Tolbachik (3,682 m), which as the names suggest are respectively a flat-topped shield volcano and a peaked stratovolcano. ^[3] As Ostry is the mountain's highest point, the entire mountain is often referred to as "Ostry Tolbachik", not to be confused with Ostry, a separate volcano to the north also on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Activity

Its eruptive history stretches back thousands of years, but the most notable eruption occurred in 1975, commonly known as "The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption". It was preceded by an earthquake swarm, which led to a successful prediction of the eruption by scientists from the Russian Institute of Volcanology. The eruption created several new cinder cones, and in terms of volume of lava emitted, was Kamchatka's largest basaltic eruption in historic times.

On November 27, 2012 a strombolian type eruption started from two fissures. Basaltic lava flows move relatively fast, and quickly flooded buildings 4 km away. The eruption continued for more than a month, as lava continued to flow from the fissures. ^{[4] [5] [6]} Lava flowed up to 20 kilometers (12 miles) from the line of fissures on the volcano's southern flank. This satellite image was collected on December 22, 2012. According to the Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), the eruption ended September 15, 2013. Several lava caves were formed as a result of the 2012–2013 eruption.

Mineralogy

The fumarole deposits of Tolbachik are rich in exotic minerals and, as of September 2017 ^[update], 100 new minerals have been first described here including alarsite and tolbachite. ^[7]

Views

See also

• List of volcanoes in Russia
• List of ultras of Northeast Asia
• Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team

References

Other references

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tolbachik volcanic complex.

• "Tolbachik". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
• Plosky Tolbachik volcano and Tolbachik lava field
• Fedotov S.A. and Markhinin Ye.K. (Eds) (1983). The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption: Geological and Geophysical Data, 1975-1976. Cambridge University Press, 341 p.  ISBN  0-521-24345-9
• "Fireworks" on Tolbachik - may 2013 on author's project website: "Russia Begins Here"