Mission to Venus conducted by the United States as part of the Pioneer Venus project
Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Mission type
Venus orbiter Operator
NASA /
ARC
COSPAR ID
1978-051A
SATCAT
no. 10911 Website
Pioneer Venus at NASA Mission duration 14 years, 4 months, 18 days (from launch) 13 years, 10 months, 4 days (at Venus)
Bus HS-507 Manufacturer
Hughes Launch mass 582 kg (1,283 lb)
[1] Dry mass 517 kg (1,140 lb) Dimensions 2.5 × 1.2 m (8.2 × 3.9 ft) Power 312 watts
Launch date May 20, 1978, 13:13:00 (1978-05-20UTC13:13Z ) UTC
[1] Rocket
Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR Launch site
Cape Canaveral
LC-36A
Last contact October 8, 1992, 19:22 (1992-10-08UTC19:23Z ) UTC Decay date October 22, 1992
[2]
Reference system
Cytherocentric
Semi-major axis 33,405.8 kilometres (20,757.4 mi)
Eccentricity 0.842
Pericytherion altitude 181.6 kilometers (112.8 mi)
Apocytherion altitude 66,630 kilometers (41,400 mi)
Inclination 105 degrees
Period 24 hours
Epoch 22 November 1979, 11:53:20 UTC
[3]
Orbital insertion December 4, 1978
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter , also known as Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer 12 , was a mission to
Venus conducted by
NASA as part of the
Pioneer Venus project . Launched in May 1978 atop an
Atlas-Centaur rocket, the spacecraft was inserted into an
elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978. It returned data from Venus until October 1992.
[2]
[4]
Launch and arrival at Venus
Orbit attitude of Pioneer Venus 1 between 1978–1980 and 1992
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched by an
Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR rocket, which flew from
Launch Complex 36A at the
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . The launch occurred at 13:13:00 on May 20, 1978, and deployed the Orbiter into
heliocentric orbit for its coast to Venus. Venus orbit insertion occurred on December 4, 1978.
Spacecraft
Pioneer Venus 1 at
KSC .
Manufactured by
Hughes Aircraft Company , the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was based on the HS-507
bus .
[5] The spacecraft was a flat cylinder, 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) in diameter and 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) long. All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end of the cylinder, except the
magnetometer , which was at the end of a 4.7 meters (15 ft) boom. A
solar array extended around the circumference of the cylinder. A 1.09 metres (3 ft 7 in) despun dish
antenna provided
S and
X band communication with
Earth . A
Star-24
solid rocket motor was integrated into the spacecraft to provide the thrust to enter orbit around Venus.
[5]
From Venus orbit insertion to July 1980,
periapsis was held between 142 and 253 kilometres (88 and 157 mi) (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements. The spacecraft was in a 24-hour orbit with an
apoapsis of 66,900 kilometers (41,600 mi). Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise to a maximum of 2,290 kilometres (1,420 mi) and then fall, to conserve fuel.
In 1991, the Radar Mapper was reactivated to investigate previously inaccessible southern portions of the planet, in conjunction with the recently arrived
Magellan spacecraft. In May 1992, Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis was held between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi), until the spacecraft's propellant was exhausted, after which the orbit
decayed naturally. The spacecraft continued to return data until 8 October 1992, with the last signals being received at 19:22 UTC.
[4] The Pioneer Venus Orbiter disintegrated upon
entering the
atmosphere of Venus on October 22, 1992.
[2]
Instruments
A map of Venus produced from Pioneer data
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments with a total mass of 45 kilograms (99 lb):
[6]
An image of Venus in ultraviolet light by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter
a cloud photo-polarimeter (OCPP) to measure the vertical distribution of the
clouds , similar to
Pioneer 10 and
Pioneer 11 imaging photo-polarimeter (IPP)
a surface radar mapper (ORAD) to determine topography and surface characteristics. Observations could only be conducted when the probe was closer than 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) over the planet. A 20-watt
S-band signal (1.757
gigahertz ) was sent to the surface that reflected it, with the probe analyzing the echo. Resolution at
periapsis was 23 by 7 kilometres (14.3 mi × 4.3 mi).
an infrared radiometer (OIR) to measure
IR emissions from
Venus' atmosphere
an airglow
ultraviolet spectrometer (OUVS) to measure scattered and emitted UV light
a neutral
mass spectrometer (ONMS) to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere
a
solar wind
plasma analyzer (OPA) to measure properties of the solar wind
a magnetometer (OMAG) to characterize the
magnetic field at Venus
an electric field detector (OEFD) to study the solar wind and its interactions
an
electron temperature probe (OETP) to study the thermal properties of the
ionosphere
an ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) to characterize the ionospheric ion population
a charged particle retarding potential analyzer (ORPA) to study ionospheric particles
two
radio science experiments to determine the
gravity field of Venus
a
radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere
an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere
a radio science atmospheric and solar wind
turbulence experiment
a
gamma ray burst (OGBD) detector to record gamma ray burst events
Orbit of the spacecraft Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
Launch of Pioneer Venus Orbiter with
Atlas-Centaur rocket.
Trajectory of Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
Instrument details
Name
Complete designation
Type
Manufacturer
Responsible scientist
Mass
Electrical consumption
OCPP
Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter
Photo polarimeter
GISS
J. Hansen (later L. Travis)
5 kg (11 lb)
5.4 W
ORAD
Orbiter Radar Mapper Instrument
Radar
MIT
G. Pettengill
9 kg (20 lb)
18 W
OIR
Orbiter Infrared Radiometer
Infrared radiometer
JPL
F. Taylor
5.9 kg (13 lb)
5.2 W
OUVS
Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer
Ultraviolet spectrometer
LASP
A.I.F. Stewart
3.1 kg (6.8 lb)
1.7 W
ONMS
Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer
Neutral mass spectrometer
GSFC
H. Neimann
3.8 kg (8.4 lb)
12 W
OPA
Orbiter Plasma Analyzer
Analzer plasma
ARC
J. Wolfe (later A. Barnes)
3.9 kg (8.6 lb)
5 W
OMAG
Orbiter Magnetometer
Magnetometer
UCLA
C. Russell
2 kg (4.4 lb)
2.2 W
OEFD
Orbiter Electric Field Detector
Measure the electric fields of Venus
TRW
F. Scarf
0.8 kg (1.8 lb)
0.7 W
OETP
Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe
Electron temperature gauge
GSFC
L. Brace
2.2 kg (4.9 lb)
4.8 W
OIMS
Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer
Ion mass spectrometer
GSFC
H. Taylor
3 kg (6.6 lb)
1.5 W
ORPA
Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer
Ion charge meter
LPARL
W. Knudsen
2.8 kg (6.2 lb)
2.4 W
OGBD
Orbiter Gamma-Ray Burst Detector
Gamma-ray burst detector
LASL
W. Evans
2.8 kg (6.2 lb)
1.3 W
-
Venus (ORO)
Radio science
-
A. Kliore (JPL)
–
-
Orbiter Dual-Frequency Experiments (OGPE)
-
T. Croft (SRI)
Atmospheric and Solar Wind Turbulence Experiment (OTUR)
-
T. Croft (JPL)
Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD)
-
G. Keating (LRC)
Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiment (OIDD)
-
R. Phillips (JPL)
Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiment (OCM)
-
I. Shapiro (MIT)
LASP:
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (
University of Boulder ,
Colorado ); UCLA:
University of California in Los Angeles ; JPL:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory ; MIT:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; GSFC:
Goddard Space Flight Center GISS:
Goddard Institute for Space Studies ; LRC:
Langley Research Center ; ARC:
Ames Research Center ; LASL:
Los Alamos National Laboratory ; SRI:
Stanford Research Institute
The spacecraft conducted
radar altimetry observations allowing the first global topographic map of the Venusian surface to be constructed.
The instruments can also be classified by what they are meant to measure or analyze:
[7]
Composition and structure of the atmosphere
Large Probe Mass Spectrometer (LNMS)
Large Probe Gas Chromatograph (LGC)
Bus Neutral Mass Spectrometer (BNMS)
Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS)
Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS)
Large/Small Probe Atmosphere Structure (LAS/SAS)
Atmospheric Propagation Experiments (OGPE)
Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD)
Clouds
Large/Small Probe Nephelometer (LN/SN)
Large Probe Cloud Particle Size Spectrometer (LCPS)
Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimenter (OCPP)
Thermal balance
Large Probe Solar Flux Radiometer (LSFR)
Large Probe Infrared Radiometer (LIR)
Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer (SNFR)
Orbiter Infrared Radiometer (OIR)
Dynamics
Differential Long Baseline Interferometry (DLBI)
Doppler Tracking of Probes (MWIN)
Atmospheric Turbulence Experiments (MTUR/OTUR)
Solar wind and ionosphere
Bus Ion Mass Spectrometer (BIMS)
Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer (OIMS)
Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe (OETP)
Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer (ORPA)
Orbiter Magnetometer (OMAG)
Orbiter Plasma Analyzer (OPA)
Orbiter Electric Field Detector (OEFD)
Orbiter Dual-Frequency Occultation Experiments (ORO)
Surface and interior
Orbiter Radar Mapper (ORAD)
Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiments (OIDD)
Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiments (OCM)
High-energy astronomy
Orbiter Gamma Burst Detector (OGBD)
Observations of Comets
From its orbit of Venus, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was able to observe
Halley's Comet when it was unobservable from Earth due to its proximity to the sun during February 1986. UV spectrometer observations monitored the loss of water from the comet's nucleus at perihelion on February 9.
[8]
The extended mission allowed the spacecraft controllers to make several comet observations that were never part of the original mission objectives. The tilt of the spacecraft was altered during these comet observations so that the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS) could view the comets rather than Venus. Comets
Encke (April 13-16, 1984),
Giacobini-Zinner (September 8-15, 1985), Halley (December 27, 1985 - March 9, 1986), Wilson (March 13 - May 2, 1987), NTT (April 8, 1987), and McNaught (November 19-24, 1987) were all observed in this way.
[7]
See also
References
External links
Science Magazine in year 1979 issue 4401
Donahue, T. M. (6 July 1979). "Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview". Science . 205 (4401): 41–44.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...41D .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.41 .
JSTOR
1748508 .
PMID
17778895 .
S2CID
1600807 .
Colin, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Encounter with Venus: An Update". Science . 205 (4401): 44–46.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...44C .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.44 .
JSTOR
1748509 .
PMID
17778896 .
S2CID
26297893 .
Seiff, Alvin; Kirk, Donn B.; Young, Richard E.; Sommer, Simon C.; Blanchard, Robert C.; Findlay, John T.; Kelly, G. M. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data". Science . 205 (4401): 46–49.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...46S .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.46 .
JSTOR
1748510 .
PMID
17778897 .
S2CID
24774892 .
Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; McElroy, M. B.; Donahue, T. M.; Kolpin, M. (6 July 1979). "Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 49–52.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...49H .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.49 .
JSTOR
1748511 .
PMID
17778898 .
S2CID
20713222 .
Oyama, V. I.; Carle, G. C.; Woeller, F.; Pollack, J. B. (6 July 1979). "Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses". Science . 205 (4401): 52–54.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...52O .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.52 .
JSTOR
1748512 .
PMID
17778899 .
S2CID
40293580 .
Niemann, H. B.; Hartle, R. E.; Hedin, A. E.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Spencer, N. W.; Hunten, D. M.; Carignan, G. R. (6 July 1979). "Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations". Science . 205 (4401): 54–56.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...54N .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.54 .
JSTOR
1748513 .
PMID
17778900 .
S2CID
21839920 .
Pollack, James B.; Black, David C. (6 July 1979). "Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres". Science . 205 (4401): 56–59.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...56P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.56 .
JSTOR
1748514 .
PMID
17778901 .
S2CID
13281057 .
Stewart, A. Ian; Barth, Charles A. (6 July 1979). "Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 59–62.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...59S .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.59 .
JSTOR
1748515 .
PMID
17778902 .
S2CID
12841902 .
Keating, G. M.; Taylor, F. W.; Nicholson, J. Y.; Hinson, E. W. (6 July 1979). "Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere". Science . 205 (4401): 62–64.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...62K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.62 .
JSTOR
1748516 .
PMID
17778903 .
S2CID
23057356 .
Taylor, F. W.; Diner, D. J.; Elson, L. S.; McCleese, D. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Delderfield, J.; Bradley, S. P.; Schofield, J. T.; Gille, J. C.; Coffey, M. T. (6 July 1979). "Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 65–67.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...65T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.65 .
JSTOR
1748517 .
PMID
17778904 .
S2CID
2023608 .
Blamont, Jacques; Ragent, Boris (6 July 1979). "Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment". Science . 205 (4401): 67–70.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...67B .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.67 .
JSTOR
1748518 .
PMID
17778905 .
S2CID
19155512 .
Knollenberg, Robert G.; Hunten, D. M. (6 July 1979). "Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure". Science . 205 (4401): 70–74.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...70K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.70 .
JSTOR
1748519 .
PMID
17778906 .
S2CID
36125836 .
Travis, L. D.; Coffeen, D. L.; Del Genio, A. D.; Hansen, J. E.; Kawabata, K.; Lacis, A. A.; Lane, W. A.; Limaye, S. S.; Rossow, W. B.; Stone, P. H. (6 July 1979). "Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 74–76.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...74T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.74 .
JSTOR
1748520 .
PMID
17778907 .
S2CID
43906539 .
Pollack, James B.; Ragent, Boris; Boese, Robert; Tomasko, Martin G.; Blamont, Jacques; Knollenberg, Robert G.; Esposito, Larry W.; Stewart, A. Ian; Travis, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data". Science . 205 (4401): 76–79.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...76P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.76 .
JSTOR
1748521 .
PMID
17778908 .
S2CID
28250903 .
Tomasko, Martin G.; Doose, Lyn R.; Smith, Peter H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 80–82.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...80T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.80 .
hdl :
2060/19830010359 .
JSTOR
1748522 .
PMID
17778909 .
S2CID
35649934 .
Suomi, V. E.; Sromovsky, L. A.; Revercomb, H. E. (6 July 1979). "Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment". Science . 205 (4401): 82–85.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...82S .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.82 .
JSTOR
1748523 .
PMID
17778910 .
S2CID
22181310 .
Counselman, C. C.; Gourevitch, S. A.; King, R. W.; Loriot, G. B.; Prinn, R. G. (6 July 1979). "Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds". Science . 205 (4401): 85–87.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...85C .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.85 .
JSTOR
1748524 .
PMID
17778911 .
S2CID
39737494 .
Woo, Richard; Armstrong, J. W.; Kendall, William B. (6 July 1979). "Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations". Science . 205 (4401): 87–89.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...87W .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.87 .
JSTOR
1748525 .
PMID
17778912 .
S2CID
10233431 .
Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ford, Peter G.; Brown, Walter E.; Kaula, William M.; Masursky, Harold; Eliason, Eric; McGill, George E. (6 July 1979). "Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 90–93.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...90P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.90 .
JSTOR
1748526 .
PMID
17778913 .
S2CID
12582229 .
Phillips, Roger J.; Sjogren, William L.; Abbott, Elsa A.; Smith, John C.; Wimberly, Ray N.; Wagner, Cari A. (6 July 1979). "Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis". Science . 205 (4401): 93–96.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...93P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.93 .
JSTOR
1748527 .
PMID
17778914 .
S2CID
21557337 .
Taylor, Harry A.; Brinton, Henry C.; Bauer, Siegfried J.; Hartle, Richard E.; Cloutier, Paul A.; Daniell, Robert E.; Donahue, Thomas M. (6 July 1979). "Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition". Science . 205 (4401): 96–99.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...96T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.96 .
JSTOR
1748528 .
PMID
17778915 .
S2CID
11269827 .
Kliore, A. J.; Patel, I. R.; Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Gombosi, T. I. (6 July 1979). "Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations". Science . 205 (4401): 99–102.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...99K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.99 .
JSTOR
1748529 .
PMID
17778916 .
S2CID
10322619 .
Brace, L. H.; Theis, R. F.; Niemann, H. B.; Mayr, H. G.; Hoegy, W. R.; Nagy, A. F. (6 July 1979). "Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science . 205 (4401): 102–105.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..102B .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.102 .
JSTOR
1748530 .
PMID
17778917 .
S2CID
25337442 .
Knudsen, W. C.; Spenner, K.; Whitten, R. C.; Spreiter, J. R.; Miller, K. L.; Novak, V. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science . 205 (4401): 105–107.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..105K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.105 .
JSTOR
1748531 .
PMID
17778918 .
S2CID
26084728 .
Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Chen, R. H.; Taylor, H. A.; Brace, L. H.; Brinton, H. C. (6 July 1979). "Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 107–109.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..107N .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.107 .
JSTOR
1748532 .
PMID
17778919 .
S2CID
28832064 .
Bauer, Siegfried J.; Donahue, Thomas M.; Hartle, Richard E.; Taylor, Harry A. (6 July 1979). "Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition". Science . 205 (4401): 109–112.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..109B .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.109 .
JSTOR
1748533 .
PMID
17778920 .
S2CID
32579568 .
Taylor, W. W. L.; Scarf, F. L.; Russell, C. T.; Brace, L. H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 112–114.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..112T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.112 .
JSTOR
1748534 .
PMID
17778921 .
S2CID
45428203 .
Russell, C. T.; Elphic, R. C.; Slavin, J. A. (6 July 1979). "Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations". Science . 205 (4401): 114–116.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..114R .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.114 .
JSTOR
1748535 .
PMID
17778922 .
S2CID
24494352 .
Intriligator, D. S.; Collard, H. R.; Mihalov, J. D.; Whitten, R. C.; Wolfe, J. H. (6 July 1979). "Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment". Science . 205 (4401): 116–119.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..116I .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.116 .
JSTOR
1748536 .
PMID
17778923 .
S2CID
42935022 .
Evans, W. D.; Glore, J. P.; Klebesadel, R. W.; Laros, J. G.; Tech, E. R.; Spalding, R. E. (6 July 1979). "Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 119–121.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..119E .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.119 .
JSTOR
1748537 .
PMID
17778924 .
S2CID
38916824 .
Donahue, T. M. (6 July 1979). "Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview". Science . 205 (4401): 41–44.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...41D .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.41 .
JSTOR
1748508 .
PMID
17778895 .
S2CID
1600807 .
Colin, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Encounter with Venus: An Update". Science . 205 (4401): 44–46.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...44C .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.44 .
JSTOR
1748509 .
PMID
17778896 .
S2CID
26297893 .
Seiff, Alvin; Kirk, Donn B.; Young, Richard E.; Sommer, Simon C.; Blanchard, Robert C.; Findlay, John T.; Kelly, G. M. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data". Science . 205 (4401): 46–49.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...46S .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.46 .
JSTOR
1748510 .
PMID
17778897 .
S2CID
24774892 .
Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; McElroy, M. B.; Donahue, T. M.; Kolpin, M. (6 July 1979). "Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 49–52.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...49H .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.49 .
JSTOR
1748511 .
PMID
17778898 .
S2CID
20713222 .
Oyama, V. I.; Carle, G. C.; Woeller, F.; Pollack, J. B. (6 July 1979). "Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses". Science . 205 (4401): 52–54.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...52O .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.52 .
JSTOR
1748512 .
PMID
17778899 .
S2CID
40293580 .
Niemann, H. B.; Hartle, R. E.; Hedin, A. E.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Spencer, N. W.; Hunten, D. M.; Carignan, G. R. (6 July 1979). "Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations". Science . 205 (4401): 54–56.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...54N .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.54 .
JSTOR
1748513 .
PMID
17778900 .
S2CID
21839920 .
Pollack, James B.; Black, David C. (6 July 1979). "Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres". Science . 205 (4401): 56–59.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...56P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.56 .
JSTOR
1748514 .
PMID
17778901 .
S2CID
13281057 .
Stewart, A. Ian; Barth, Charles A. (6 July 1979). "Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 59–62.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...59S .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.59 .
JSTOR
1748515 .
PMID
17778902 .
S2CID
12841902 .
Keating, G. M.; Taylor, F. W.; Nicholson, J. Y.; Hinson, E. W. (6 July 1979). "Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere". Science . 205 (4401): 62–64.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...62K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.62 .
JSTOR
1748516 .
PMID
17778903 .
S2CID
23057356 .
Taylor, F. W.; Diner, D. J.; Elson, L. S.; McCleese, D. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Delderfield, J.; Bradley, S. P.; Schofield, J. T.; Gille, J. C.; Coffey, M. T. (6 July 1979). "Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 65–67.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...65T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.65 .
JSTOR
1748517 .
PMID
17778904 .
S2CID
2023608 .
Blamont, Jacques; Ragent, Boris (6 July 1979). "Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment". Science . 205 (4401): 67–70.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...67B .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.67 .
JSTOR
1748518 .
PMID
17778905 .
S2CID
19155512 .
Knollenberg, Robert G.; Hunten, D. M. (6 July 1979). "Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure". Science . 205 (4401): 70–74.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...70K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.70 .
JSTOR
1748519 .
PMID
17778906 .
S2CID
36125836 .
Travis, L. D.; Coffeen, D. L.; Del Genio, A. D.; Hansen, J. E.; Kawabata, K.; Lacis, A. A.; Lane, W. A.; Limaye, S. S.; Rossow, W. B.; Stone, P. H. (6 July 1979). "Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 74–76.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...74T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.74 .
JSTOR
1748520 .
PMID
17778907 .
S2CID
43906539 .
Pollack, James B.; Ragent, Boris; Boese, Robert; Tomasko, Martin G.; Blamont, Jacques; Knollenberg, Robert G.; Esposito, Larry W.; Stewart, A. Ian; Travis, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data". Science . 205 (4401): 76–79.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...76P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.76 .
JSTOR
1748521 .
PMID
17778908 .
S2CID
28250903 .
Tomasko, Martin G.; Doose, Lyn R.; Smith, Peter H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 80–82.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...80T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.80 .
hdl :
2060/19830010359 .
JSTOR
1748522 .
PMID
17778909 .
S2CID
35649934 .
Suomi, V. E.; Sromovsky, L. A.; Revercomb, H. E. (6 July 1979). "Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment". Science . 205 (4401): 82–85.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...82S .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.82 .
JSTOR
1748523 .
PMID
17778910 .
S2CID
22181310 .
Counselman, C. C.; Gourevitch, S. A.; King, R. W.; Loriot, G. B.; Prinn, R. G. (6 July 1979). "Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds". Science . 205 (4401): 85–87.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...85C .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.85 .
JSTOR
1748524 .
PMID
17778911 .
S2CID
39737494 .
Woo, Richard; Armstrong, J. W.; Kendall, William B. (6 July 1979). "Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations". Science . 205 (4401): 87–89.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...87W .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.87 .
JSTOR
1748525 .
PMID
17778912 .
S2CID
10233431 .
Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ford, Peter G.; Brown, Walter E.; Kaula, William M.; Masursky, Harold; Eliason, Eric; McGill, George E. (6 July 1979). "Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 90–93.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...90P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.90 .
JSTOR
1748526 .
PMID
17778913 .
S2CID
12582229 .
Phillips, Roger J.; Sjogren, William L.; Abbott, Elsa A.; Smith, John C.; Wimberly, Ray N.; Wagner, Cari A. (6 July 1979). "Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis". Science . 205 (4401): 93–96.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...93P .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.93 .
JSTOR
1748527 .
PMID
17778914 .
S2CID
21557337 .
Taylor, Harry A.; Brinton, Henry C.; Bauer, Siegfried J.; Hartle, Richard E.; Cloutier, Paul A.; Daniell, Robert E.; Donahue, Thomas M. (6 July 1979). "Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition". Science . 205 (4401): 96–99.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...96T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.96 .
JSTOR
1748528 .
PMID
17778915 .
S2CID
11269827 .
Kliore, A. J.; Patel, I. R.; Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Gombosi, T. I. (6 July 1979). "Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations". Science . 205 (4401): 99–102.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205...99K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.99 .
JSTOR
1748529 .
PMID
17778916 .
S2CID
10322619 .
Brace, L. H.; Theis, R. F.; Niemann, H. B.; Mayr, H. G.; Hoegy, W. R.; Nagy, A. F. (6 July 1979). "Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science . 205 (4401): 102–105.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..102B .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.102 .
JSTOR
1748530 .
PMID
17778917 .
S2CID
25337442 .
Knudsen, W. C.; Spenner, K.; Whitten, R. C.; Spreiter, J. R.; Miller, K. L.; Novak, V. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science . 205 (4401): 105–107.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..105K .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.105 .
JSTOR
1748531 .
PMID
17778918 .
S2CID
26084728 .
Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Chen, R. H.; Taylor, H. A.; Brace, L. H.; Brinton, H. C. (6 July 1979). "Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 107–109.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..107N .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.107 .
JSTOR
1748532 .
PMID
17778919 .
S2CID
28832064 .
Bauer, Siegfried J.; Donahue, Thomas M.; Hartle, Richard E.; Taylor, Harry A. (6 July 1979). "Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition". Science . 205 (4401): 109–112.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..109B .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.109 .
JSTOR
1748533 .
PMID
17778920 .
S2CID
32579568 .
Taylor, W. W. L.; Scarf, F. L.; Russell, C. T.; Brace, L. H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus". Science . 205 (4401): 112–114.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..112T .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.112 .
JSTOR
1748534 .
PMID
17778921 .
S2CID
45428203 .
Russell, C. T.; Elphic, R. C.; Slavin, J. A. (6 July 1979). "Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations". Science . 205 (4401): 114–116.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..114R .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.114 .
JSTOR
1748535 .
PMID
17778922 .
S2CID
24494352 .
Intriligator, D. S.; Collard, H. R.; Mihalov, J. D.; Whitten, R. C.; Wolfe, J. H. (6 July 1979). "Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment". Science . 205 (4401): 116–119.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..116I .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.116 .
JSTOR
1748536 .
PMID
17778923 .
S2CID
42935022 .
Evans, W. D.; Glore, J. P.; Klebesadel, R. W.; Laros, J. G.; Tech, E. R.; Spalding, R. E. (6 July 1979). "Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science . 205 (4401): 119–121.
Bibcode :
1979Sci...205..119E .
doi :
10.1126/science.205.4401.119 .
JSTOR
1748537 .
PMID
17778924 .
S2CID
38916824 .
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Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).