In 1747, he was commissioned by the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to travel to the North American colonies in order to bring back seeds and plants that might be useful to agriculture. Among his many scientific accomplishments, Kalm can be credited with the first description of
Niagara Falls written by a trained scientist.[2] In addition, he published the first scientific paper on the North American 17-year periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim.
Kalm wrote an account of his travels that was translated into numerous European languages; a 20th-century translation remains in print in English as Peter Kalm's Travels in North America: The English Version of 1770, translated by Swedish-American scholar
Adolph B. Benson.
Biography
Kalm was born to Gabriel Kalm and Katarina Ross in
Ångermanland,
Sweden, where his parents had taken refuge from
Finland during the
Great Northern War. His father was a
Finnish clergyman and his mother was of Scottish ancestry.[3] His father died six weeks after his birth. When the hostilities were over, his widowed mother returned with him to
Närpes in
Ostrobothnia, where Kalm's father had been a Lutheran minister.
Kalm did field research in Sweden,
Russia, and
Ukraine from 1742 to 1746, when he was appointed
docent of natural history and economics at the Royal Academy of Turku. In 1747, the academy elevated him to professor of economics. That same year, he was also appointed by Linnaeus and the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (of which he had been a member since 1745) to travel to North America to find seeds and plants that might prove useful for agriculture or industry. In particular, they wanted him to bring back the
red mulberry in the hope of starting a
silk industry in Finland (which was then an integral part of Sweden).
On his journey from Sweden to
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Kalm spent six months in
England, where he met many of the important botanists of the day. Kalm arrived in Pennsylvania in 1748; there he was befriended by
Benjamin Franklin and naturalist
John Bartram. Kalm based his explorations at the Swedish-Finnish community of Raccoon, which is now
Swedesboro, New Jersey in
South Jersey. This town had been founded as part of the former Swedish colony of
New Sweden. There, he also served as the substitute pastor of
Trinity Church, the local
Swedish Lutheran church. Kalm subsequently married Anna Margaretha Sjöman, the widow of Johan Sandin, the former pastor. He remained in Raccoon until 19 May 1749.[5]
Kalm made trips as far west as
Niagara Falls and as far north as
Montreal and
Quebec before returning to Finland in 1751. He took a post as professor at the Royal Academy of Turku. In addition to teaching and directing students, he established botanical gardens in
Turku. He taught at the academy until his death in Turku in 1771.[6]
Anders Chydenius, another noted scientist, was a student of Pehr Kalm's.
Legacy
Kalm's journal of his travels was published as En Resa til Norra America (Stockholm, 1753–1761). It was translated into German, Dutch, and French. Kalm described not only the flora and fauna of the New World, but also the lives of the
Native Americans and the
British and
French colonists whom he met.[7] A United States edition was later translated and edited by Swedish-American scholar and literary historian
Adolph B. Benson (1881–1961). It was published as Peter Kalm's Travels in North America: The English Version of 1770 (Wilson-Erickson Inc., 1937). This version has become an important standard reference regarding life in colonial North America and has been in continuous print in several updated editions.
Kalm's paper on the lifecycle of the North American 17-year
periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim, was the first published scientific description of the species and its recurrent appearances.[8]
In his Species Plantarum, Linnaeus cites Kalm for 90 species, 60 of them new, including the genus Kalmia, which Linnaeus named after Kalm. Kalmia latifolia (Mountain-laurel) is the state flower of Pennsylvania and Connecticut.
The
Mint of Finland issued a coin in Kalm's honor.[9] He is regarded as one of the most notable
Finnish explorers. In Finland he is also known as Pietari Kalm.[10][11][12]
^Jarrell, Richard A.
"KALM, PEHR". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 2 September 2019. ... son of Gabriel Kalm, a Finnish clergyman, and Catherine Ross, of Scots ancestry; ...
^Kuosmanen, Jukka (26 November 2015).
"Pehr Kalm mittaa Niagaran putokset" (in Finnish).
Yle. Retrieved 2 September 2019. ... Maailmalta katsottuna Kalm on ylivoimaisesti tunnetuin suomalainen tutkimusmatkailija.
Robbins, Paula Ivaska The Travels of Peter Kalm: Finnish-Swedish Naturalist Through Colonial North America, 1748-1751. Purple Mountain Press, 2007.
ISBN978-1-930098-80-0
Kerkkonen, Martti. Peter Kalm's North American Journey: Its Ideological Background and Results. Helsinki, 1959.