The treaty defined the border between Iran and the Ottoman Empire and was followed by twenty years of peace. By this treaty,
Armenia and
Georgia were divided equally between the two, with
Western Armenia and western Georgia (incl. western
Samtskhe) falling in Ottoman hands while
Eastern Armenia and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands.[1] The Ottoman Empire obtained most of
Iraq, including
Baghdad, which gave them access to the
Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital
Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the
Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as
Dagestan and all of what is now
Azerbaijan.[2][3][4] The frontier thus established ran across the
mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the
Zagros down to the Persian Gulf.
The Ottomans, further, guaranteed access for Persian pilgrims to go to the Muslim holy cities of
Mecca and
Medina as well as to the
Shia holy sites of pilgrimages in Iraq.[8]
The decisive parting of the
Caucasus and the irrevocable ceding of
Mesopotamia to the Ottomans happened per the next major peace treaty known as the
Treaty of Zuhab in 1639 CE/AD.[9]
Another term of the treaty was that the Safavids were required to end the ritual cursing of the first three
Rashidun Caliphs,[10]Aisha and other
Sahaba (companions of Muhammad) — all held in high esteem by Sunnis. This condition was a common demand of Ottoman-Safavid treaties,[11] and in this case was considered humiliating for Tahmasp.[12]
References
^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi.
ISBN978-1442241466.
^The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
^Andrew J Newman (11 Apr 2012). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. p. 46.
ISBN9780857716613.
^Suraiya Faroqhi (3 Mar 2006). The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (illustrated, reprint ed.). I.B.Tauris. pp. 36, 185.
ISBN9781845111229.
^Bengio, Ofra; Litvak, Meir, eds. (8 Nov 2011). The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60.
ISBN9780230370739.
Further reading
Atçıl, Zahit (2019). "Warfare as a Tool of Diplomacy: Background of the First Ottoman-Safavid Treaty in 1555". Turkish Historical Review. 10 (1): 3–24.
doi:
10.1163/18775462-01001006.
S2CID198615063.