Patrisse Marie Khan-Cullors Brignac[1] (
néeCullors-Brignac; born June 20, 1983) is an American activist, co-founder of the
Black Lives Matter movement, artist and writer. Cullors created the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag in 2013 and has written and spoken widely about the movement. Other topics on which Cullors advocates include
prison abolition in
Los Angeles and
LGBTQ rights. Cullors integrates ideas from
critical theory, as well as from social movements around the world, in her activism.[2] Cullors has had two books published.
Early life and education
Cullors was born in Los Angeles, California. Her mother Cherice Foley is a
Jehovah's Witness. Her biological father was Gabriel Brignac, whom she did not meet until she was eleven years old. She was raised in the home of Alton Cullors, who used to work at a
General Motors plant in
Van Nuys before it was shut down, forcing him to work in low-paying jobs. She has three siblings — two brothers named Paul and Monte, and a sister named Jasmine.[3][4] Gabriel was a repeat offender who was jailed many times on drugs-related charges and died in 2009 in a homeless shelter.[5][6] Cullors described him as having a constant and caring presence in her life.[7]
Her brother, Monte was arrested in 1999 after stealing his mother's car. Later he was diagnosed with
schizoaffective disorder and
bipolar disorder. Cullors recalled that in a fight with prison officers, he was allegedly choked, beaten up brutally, and was forced to drink toilet water.[8][9] She has cited this as one of the reasons for her activism.[9]
Cullors grew up in a
Section 8 apartment in Van Nuys, a poor and largely
Mexican-American neighborhood in the
San Fernando Valley.[10][11] Her step-father Alton eventually left his family, leaving Cherice to raise her kids on her own.[12] Cullors said that she witnessed her 11 and 13-year-old brothers being
needlessly slammed into a wall by police when she was 9 years old.[8] At the age of 12, she was arrested for smoking
marijuana.[13] At this time, she was a student at Millikan Middle School, an affluent school in
Sherman Oaks which had a large white student body and a population of gifted students. Cullors describes that she felt ashamed going there with her mother in a car.[14][4] She also states that it was the white girls at the school who introduced her to weed. However, when she was arrested, she was attending the Van Nuys Middle School, a school consisting mostly of children of
working-class families and non-whites, as part of
summer school, due to her poor grades. For her, the transition was a shock, as the school had a metal detector and was guarded by police unlike her other school.[15][4]
Cullors became an activist early in life, joining the
Bus Riders Union (BRU) under the leadership of
Eric Mann as a teenager[10][16] during which time she attended a year-long organizing program led by the Labor Community Strategy Center (which organized the BRU).[17][18] She learned about revolutionaries,
critical theory and
social movements from around the world, while practicing activism.[2] Cullors also enrolled at Grover Cleveland High School (now Cleveland Humanities Magnet) in
Reseda and was admitted into its
social justicemagnet program.[19][20] She went onto acquire a degree in religion and philosophy at
UCLA, as well as a
MFA from the Roski School of Art and Design at the
University of Southern California.[10][21]
Cullors recalled being forced from her home at sixteen when she revealed her
queer identity to her parents.[22] Raised as a Jehovah's Witness, but due to her mother's teenage pregnancy, Cullors' immediate family was shunned by both the church and their extended family members; she remained committed to the faith for years, even in exile, but later grew disillusioned with the church.[8] She developed an interest in the Nigerian religious tradition of
Ifá, incorporating its rituals into political protest events. She told an interviewer in 2015 that "seeking spirituality had a lot to do with trying to seek understanding about my conditions—how these conditions shape me in my everyday life and how I understand them as part of a larger fight, a fight for my life."[23]
Cullors and her BLM co-founders, Garza and Tometi, set out to build a decentralized movement governed by consensus of a members' collective and in 2015, a network of chapters was formed. Cullors has been the most publicly visible of the co-founders, especially after Garza and Tometi stepped back from regular involvement in the organization.[32] She credits
social media being instrumental in revealing violence against African Americans, saying: "On a daily basis, every moment, black folks are being bombarded with images of our death ... It's literally saying, 'Black people, you might be next. You will be next, but in hindsight it will be better for our nation, the less of our kind, the more safe it will be."[33]
In May 2021 (after holding the position for six years which included setting up the organization's infrastructure) Cullors resigned from her formal role as executive director of the
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, to focus on her second book and a multi-year TV deal with Warner Bros. She said that her resignation had nothing to do with alleged attempts to discredit her and that it had been planned for over a year. Cullors said "I think I will probably be less visible, because I won't be at the helm of one of the largest, most controversial organizations right now in the history of our movement...But no movement is one leader."[32][36]
Other activism
She has served as
executive director of the Coalition to End Sheriff Violence in L.A. Jails.[30] The group advocated for a civilian commission to oversee the
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department in order to curb abuses by officers. By organizing former jail inmates as a
voting bloc, the group hoped to sway the
L.A. County Board of Supervisors to create such a commission, as well as gather enough votes to elect a replacement for L.A. County Sheriff
Lee Baca, who resigned in 2014 for separate reasons.[37] However, the group did not succeed in its efforts.
Cullors co-founded the prison activist organization Dignity and Power Now, which succeeded in advocating for a civilian oversight board.[38]
Cullors defines herself as a
prison,
police and "militarization" abolitionist,[41] a position she says is inspired by "a legacy of black-led anti-colonial struggle in the United States and throughout the Americas".[42] She also favors reparations for what she describes as "the historical pains and damage caused by European
settler colonialism", in various forms, such "financial restitution, land redistribution, political
self-determination, culturally relevant education programs, language recuperation, and the
right to return (or
repatriation)".[41]
She cites the activist and formerly incarcerated
Weather Underground member
Eric Mann, as her mentor during her early activist years at the
Bus Riders Union of Los Angeles.[43] She draws on various ideological inspirations. One is
black feminists such as
Audre Lorde and her "Black, queer, feminist lens",[41] as well as
bell hooks : both "helped [her] understand [her] identity".[8] She cites
Angela Davis for her "political theories and reflections on anticapitalist movements around the world", her work towards "a broader antiracist and antiwar movement", and her fight against white supremacy in the United States.
Frantz Fanon is another inspiration, his "work on colonial violence in Algeria and across the Third World [making] timely connections" for the understanding of the context in which
Black people live across the world.[41] She also cites
Karl Marx,
Vladimir Lenin and
Mao Zedong, as "provid[ing] a new understanding around what our economies could look like".[8][44] In a 2015 interview that resurfaced in 2020, Cullors stated that she and co-founder Garza were "trained Marxists".[45]
Asked whether she believed in violence as a method of protest, she has said that she believes in "
direct action, but nonviolent direct action", and that this was also the belief of the Black Lives Matter movement.[35]
In 2014 Cullors produced the theatrical piece POWER: From the Mouths of the Occupied, which debuted at
Highways Performance Space.[47] She has contributed articles about the movement to the LA Progressive,[48] including an article from December 2015 titled "The Future of Black Life"[49] which pushed the idea that activists could no longer wait for the State to take action, and called her followers into action by encouraging them to begin building the world that they want to see.
Books
Cullors' memoir, When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir[50][51] was published in January 2018. It was co-written with the journalist
asha bandele[52] and featured a foreword from
Angela Davis. The book has two parts, All the Bones We Could Find, which narrates her adolescence, and Black Lives Matter, which explains how those experiences led up to her to co-establishing the social justice group. The book deals with the imprisonment and disenfranchisement of black men like her father, incarceration "is how our society responded to his drug use...I think we have a crisis of divesting from poor communities, black communities in particular, and reinvesting into these communities with police, jails, courts, prisons".[8] In the 13th chapter A Call, A Response, Cullors outlines the first series of marches she, Garza and Tometi organized in the wake of Zimmerman's acquittal. The chapter concludes: "We are a generation called to action."[8] The Times Literary Supplement regarded the book as a "magnificent accomplishment."[53] It appeared at number 12 on the nonfiction hardcoverThe New York Times Best Seller list on February 4, 2018.[54]
Her second book was released by
St Martin's Press on 25 January 2022, titled An Abolitionist's Handbook: 12 Steps to Change Yourself and the World. Cullors describes it as a guide for activists on how to take care of each other and resolve internal conflicts while campaigning.[32][55]
She subsequently produced the
YouTube Originals series Resist, which premiered November 18, 2020. The 12-part series followed Cullors and other activists in episodes 6-11-minutes in length. The series aired free on Cullors' YouTube channel, and she described it as well-received, telling IndieWire that "Folks were moved, and also I think surprised at how not boring the series is."[56][57][58][59]
In October 2020, Cullors signed an 'overall deal' with
Warner Brothers, a multi-year agreement to develop and produce original programming across all platforms, including broadcast, cable, and streaming, aimed at amplifying Black Lives Matter, black storytelling, and black perspectives.[60] In January 2022, Cullors spoke to the Hollywood Reporter about numerous planned projects, saying that in "all my work now with Warner Brothers... I want to aestheticize abolition."[61] Cullors contract with Warner Bros. has been cancelled, reportedly after she had produced no content in two years.[62]
On January 3, 2023, Cullors's cousin
Keenan Anderson died after an incident involving
Los Angeles Police officers following a traffic accident. One officer put an elbow on Anderson's neck, while another tased him for around thirty seconds, with Anderson at one point saying "They’re trying to
George Floyd me". He was taken to a hospital, where he went into cardiac arrest four and a half hours later and died. A preliminary toxicology report found cocaine and cannabis in Anderson's system. A cause of death has not been released.[67][68][69] Cullors called on the LAPD Chief
Michel Moore to resign,[70] and his family sued the city for $50 million.[71]
Controversies
In 2021, a controversy arose in some media outlets, following reports that Cullors (or entities associated with her) had purchased several homes during a five-year period.[72] Critics accused her of using the Black Lives Matter movement to enrich herself and accused her of being hypocritical for purchasing the houses as someone who identifies as a "
Marxist".[72][73] Cullors denied any wrongdoing and defended her actions as an effort to take care of her family and described the criticism as an "effort to discredit and harass me and my family" by the political right. On April 13, the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation denied that it had paid for her purchases of real estate and said they had not paid her since 2019, adding that she had only received $120,000 since 2013 for carrying out her work related to the organization.[72][73][74][75]
Her other brother Paul, a graffiti artist and founder of Cullors Protection LLC, received $840,000 from BLMGNF for security and consulting.[76] Cullors defended hiring her brother, saying registered security firms which hired former police officers could not be trusted.
Some BLM activists accused her of "monopolizing and capitalizing our fight." Ten local chapters of the Foundation claimed that Cullors became its executive director “against the will of most chapters and without their knowledge,” that chapter organizers were prevented from influencing the group's direction, and that the national organization provided little to no financial support for local chapters since its inception in 2013. Cullors resigned from leadership of the Foundation in May 2021, and later revealed psychological exhaustion from the controversy, stating that she was receiving treatment for
post-traumatic stress disorder.[77]
In 2022, she denied allegations of misusing donations given to the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, but admitted to hosting two parties at a mansion the BLM Foundation purchased for $6 million.[78]
With Opal Tometi, and Alicia Garza (as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter") listed as one of the nine runners-up for The Advocate's Person of the Year, 2015[81]
In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ
Pride parade, Queerty named her among the fifty heroes "leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people".[87][88]
Cullors was on the list of the BBC's
100 Women announced on 23 November 2020.[90]
Along with Opal Tometi and Alicia Garza, Cullors was named the 2013 Women of the Year by Time in 2020 as part of their 100 Women of the Year project.[91]
Notes
^
abIn April 2022, a statement by Khan's spokesperson claimed that they had separated in 2017.[63] However, a February 2022 story by
The Guardian reported that they were living together.[64]
^Greene, Robert (2015). Newton, Jim (ed.).
"Black Lives Matter". UCLA Blueprint. No. 1.
Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2020.