Overseas Pakistanis (
Urdu: بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد), or the Pakistani diaspora, refers to
Pakistanis who live outside of
Pakistan. These include citizens that have
migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the
Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad according to December 2017 estimates. According to the Ministry of Emigration and Overseas Employment, data released in 2023 states that more than 10.80 million people have moved abroad since 1990.
[2]
The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the
Government of Pakistan. The term refers to Pakistani citizens who have not resided in Pakistan for a specified period (for the purpose of income tax) and people born abroad who are of Pakistani descent.
The National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis, or NICOP, is a
Computerised National Identity Card issued to
workers,
emigrants,
citizens, or Pakistanis holding
dual nationality. NICOP was conceived by
NADRA in 2002 as a project of mutual resolve between the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation, the
Ministry of Labour & Manpower, and the
Ministry of Interior. All NICOP holders are registered into the NADRA database to provide authenticity of the individual and visa-free entry into Pakistan. Proof of family relationships is necessary for various legal and administrative purposes involving NICOP.[25]
Pakistan Origin Card
The Pakistan Origin Card, or POC, is issued by Pakistani embassies/high commissions to people of Pakistani origin living abroad.[26] POC are not issued to those with dual nationalities.[27]
Emigration from Pakistan
Emigration from the territories that now constitute Pakistan began as early as 3000 BC.
Prehistoric
The presence of
Harappan merchants in
Mesopotamia from the
Indus Valley civilisation is suggested by various forms of glyptic evidence. A recently discovered Mesopotamian cylinder seal inscription reveals that an interpreter from "
Meluhha" (
Harappa) was present. Several Indus scripted seals have also been discovered in excavations.[28]
Middle Ages
During the 10th century, Arabic chronicles mention tribes coming in contact with Baloch settlers.[29] The majority of Baloch settlers originated from the
Makran coast and settled in what is today
Oman to form part of the
Bedoon community.[30] Many of them worked in various trades including barbers, fan operators, and shopkeepers. Some were even drafted as soldiers for the army of the
Iman of Oman.[31] A small population of Muslim clergy from Punjab, Kashmir, and Sindh settled in
Mecca by the 14th century in order to aid travelers from the region making the journey for
Hajj and to also aid in the expansion of
Islam throughout the
Indus Valley and its tributaries. Bankers and merchants from southern Punjab (
Multan) and northern Sindh (
Shikarpur) were present in
Safavid Persia during the 15th century where they lived along with Jews and Armenians.[32][33]Pashtun traders arrived by boat in
Batticaloa,
Sri Lanka, as early as the 15th century.[34][35] The Mukkuvar locals established an alliance with the Pashtun traders, enlisting their help to fend off incursions from rivals in the north. The traders were rewarded through marriages, and settled in
Eravur.[34] Their settlement may have been deliberate, so as to form a buffer against future invasions from the north.[35] When Arab and Persian merchants expanded maritime trade routes in the 16th century, Sindh became fully integrated into the inter-Asian trade network. This led to increased trade and navigational interactions between Sindhi merchants and Arab/Persian merchants. Sindh also entertained independent commercial relations with East Asia and Southeast Asia, in particular with the
Kedah Sultanate on the
Malay Peninsula.[36]
Colonial era (1842–1947)
After the fall of Sindh in 1842 and Punjab in 1849, a large part of the territory of today's Pakistan came under rule of the
British Empire. From 1842 to 1857, a small number of immigrants from Punjab, Sindh, and
Kashmir began arriving in the
British Isles as employees of the
British East India Company, typically as lashkars and sailors in British port cities.[37][38][39] After the establishment of the
British Empire in 1857,
Baloch and
Pashtuns along with Punjabis, Sindhis, and Kashmiris continued coming to Britain as seamen, traders, students, domestic workers, cricketers, political officials, and visitors. A small number of them settled in the region.[40] Many influential members of the
Pakistan Movement would spend a considerable amount of time in Britain and Europe who studied at major British institutions, including
Muhammad Iqbal and
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[41] Between 1860 and 1930,
camel caravans worked in
OutbackAustralia which included
Pashtun,
Punjabi,
Baloch, and
Sindhi men[42] as well as others from
Kashmir.[43] By 1900,
Punjabis and
Pashtuns began migrating to other parts of the British Empire. Many were
veterans of the
British Army, but included a small migrant population who were legally considered
British subjects. Pashtun migrants opted for the
British Trucial States, where the British used their subjects as a valuable human resource in running the administration.[44]British Columbia became a destination for many Punjabi migrants as agents of the
Canadian Pacific Railway and the
Hudson's Bay Company were guaranteeing jobs for them between 1902 and 1905. However, many Punjabi migrants returned due to racism and curtailing migration of non-whites by the
Canadian government.[45] Others sought opportunities by moving to the
United States, particularly
Yuba City, California. Poor wages and working conditions convinced Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land, and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.[46]
Many people from modern Pakistan migrated and settled in Malaysia, which was also part of the British Empire. The
Malays and
Pakistanis share a strong Muslim identity. At the time of Malaysia's independence under the
Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, there were more than two-hundred thousand Pakistanis residing in Malaysia. Rather than forming a separate group under the categorized system, at the suggestion of Malays themselves, Pakistanis immersed themselves into the Malay group, thus they became part of the
Bumiputra elite, enriched by social ties, intermarriage, and shared economic and political aspirations. They also took positions in the civil service administration and gradually rose to the upper echelons of government, by then inextricably intermixed with the Malay majority.[47] Many elite Malay families have at least one grandparent that was Pakistani. Diplomats, judges, legislators, and other government cadres include people with recognized Pakistani-Malay bloodlines.
Post independence
1947 to 1970
Emigration from Pakistan was relatively small between 1947 and 1970. The rapid industrialization process of Pakistan during the 1950s and 1960s, coupled with the introduction of modern agricultural practices, pushed out surplus labor leading to mass rural to urban migration, primarily to
Karachi.[48] During this time period, the majority of Pakistanis who went abroad considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed. By 1971, no more than 900,000 Pakistanis lived abroad with the majority residing in the
United Kingdom and
Saudi Arabia. In 1959, small numbers of Pakistanis were found to be working in Bahrain, Kuwait, and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf. By 1960, the Pakistani community in Bahrain numbered 2200 while almost half of the population in Kuwait comprised non-nationals, and of them a small number came from Pakistan. Pakistan was already the single most important source of non-Arab expatriate labor in the
Kuwait Oil Company (representing about 19% of the workforce) and trailed only Americans among those working for
Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, who represented 6% of the workforce.[49]
The first mass migration of Pakistanis began in 1965 during the construction of
Mangla Dam in
Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Over 280 villages around
Mirpur and
Dadyal were submerged, which led to the displacement of over 110,000 people from the region. Pakistanis also emigrated from these areas and the regions of Attock and Nowshera due to high levels of unemployment in the regions and harsh terrain that made farming difficult.[50] During the same period, the British government were actively seeking people from abroad to work in industrial towns in north-west
England who were suffering from worker shortages. The industrial towns in England that many of the Pakistani emigrants ended up relocating to for work were the towns of Rochdale, Newcastle, Bristol, High Wycombe, Birmingham, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, and Bradford.[50] Thus many worker permits for Britain were awarded to the displaced population of Mirpur who were eligible for work.[51] Close to 50,000 Pakistanis from Mirpur emigrated to Northern England between 1965 and 1970.[52][53] The Pakistanis who decided to emigrate to Britain in this time period were aided by the 1948 British Nationality Act which allowed for people from British commonwealth countries, such as Pakistan, and travel and settle in Britain as they were considered British citizens.[50]
1971 to present
The availability of a large-scale labor force from Pakistan resulted from a combination of economic, social, and institutional factors at home. By 1970, Pakistan was passing through a serious economic and political crisis which eventually led to the secession of
East Pakistan in 1971. The rapid economic development of the 1950s and 1960s could not be sustained by 1970 and a wave of nationalization of business and
industry was unfolding under Prime Minister
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This led to slower large-scale industrialization due to a new wave of industrial unrest and disaffection between industrialists and Bhutto's government which favored nationalization of banking, large-scale trading, and industry. Rural to urban migration into Karachi slowed down during the 1970s and 80s and was substituted by a rising wave of international migration to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, or Libya. The profile of the work force and their places of origin simply followed the established patterns of internal migration routes. These included people from
NWFP, northern Punjab (Potohar Plateau), the "Seraiki belt" in southern Punjab, and the hill-tracts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Institutionally, a network of information chains to seek work, and the channels for remitting money to families back in Pakistan, had already existed. The majority of migrants were young males who would seek work abroad while families would remain back in Pakistan. These channels soon expanded and adapted themselves to new requirements and conditions.[54] During the 1960s and 1970s, the remaining
Pakistani Jewish community of 2000 began emigrating to
Israel and settled in
Ramla.[55]
Today, over 7.6 million Pakistanis live abroad, with an estimated 4 million Pakistanis in the
Persian Gulf region. The expatriate labor force in the Persian Gulf has, however, followed what might be called a "circulating work force" pattern. Workers come in, work for a few years during which they periodically visit Pakistan for short or long breaks, and finally return permanently. Overseas Pakistanis are the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan after exports and over the last several years, foreign exchange remittances have maintained a steady rising trend. Rs. 670 billion (US$2.3 billion) in 2007–08, Rs. 817 billion (US$2.8 billion) in 2008–09, and Rs. 985 billion (US$3.4 billion) in 2009–10.[56] By 2012–13, remittances stood at Rs. 1362 billion (US$4.7 billion).[57][56] In 2014–15, overseas Pakistanis sent remittances amounting to Rs. 1928 billion (US$6.7 billion).[58][57][56][59] Since 2004, the Government of Pakistan has recognized the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the national
economy. Its largest effort is facilitating returning overseas Pakistanis with aims at providing better services through improved facilities at
airports and setting up suitable schemes in
housing,
education, and
health care.
Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development
The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development is a
ministry of the
Government of Pakistan that oversees matters concerning Overseas Pakistanis and human resource development in Pakistan.
Pir Syed Sadaruddin Shah Rashidi is the current minister.[60] The ministry was created in June 2013, from a merger of the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis[61][62] and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[63] which was established in 2008. The Bureau of Emigration & Overseas Employment appoints Community Welfare Attachés around the world to establish and maintain close contacts with the foreign firms who are in need of manpower for their ventures in different countries, and to aid in the welfare of overseas Pakistanis. CWAs are currently located in:[64]
The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF) was established July 1979, with its head office at
Islamabad and regional offices in all provincial capitals as well as
Mirpur,
Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The objective of the OPF is to advance the welfare of the Pakistanis working or
settled abroad and their families in Pakistan by identifying their problems and contributing to their solutions. These include
health care, financial aid,
foreign exchangeremittance, and
education.[65] The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation operates more than 24 schools in and across Pakistan, offering
preschool,
primary,
secondary, and preparation for local
SSC and the international
GCE education. Most of its students opt to take the GCE O and AS/A Levels organized by the
CIE of
UCLES. It also has established international projects in the
United Arab Emirates,
Saudi Arabia, and the
United Kingdom. The head office of the OPF school is located in
Islamabad, administering the system through six main regional offices:
Millions of Pakistanis emigrated to various countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike European immigrants who settled permanently in the new world, many Pakistanis who emigrated considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed.
Pakistan International Schools are
schools based outside
Pakistan which promote the national curriculum. These schools fall under the jurisdiction of the
Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and cater mainly to students who are not nationals of the host country such as the children of the staff of
international businesses, international organizations, embassies, missions, or missionary programs.[66] For
overseas Pakistani families, these schools allow continuity in education from Pakistan as most prefer to stay in the same curriculum, especially for older children.[67] Pakistan international schools typically use curricula based on the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and offer both
Urdu language and
English language classes.
Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, there has been a large population of Pakistanis in the Middle East,
mainly in Saudi Arabia. However, since the 1990s, many of them have opted for countries like the
United Arab Emirates,
Bahrain, and
Kuwait. Pakistanis who immigrated to these countries or who were born in these countries tended to stay close to Pakistani culture. Many "International Pakistan Schools" were opened to cater to the large population and for them to study under the same boards as Pakistani students at home. As a result, those returning to Pakistan from the Middle East have found it much easier to adjust. Pakistanis from the Middle East can be found throughout the country today and these people are usually fluent in
Urdu,
English, and their regional language. They are most likely involved in
trading,
media,
telecommunications,
banking, and
aviation.
Since the 1990s, a large number of Pakistanis who settled in Europe have been returning to Pakistan. Those who were born in Europe have also maintained close links to Pakistani culture. However, there are some instances of children not learning
Urdu while growing up or being accustomed to Pakistani culture. As a result, those who return from Europe do experience "culture shocks". Those returning from
Norway and
Denmark are mostly settled around
Kharian in the
Punjab province, whereas those from northern
England (
Bradford) can be found in
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (mainly
Mirpur),
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and upper
Punjab (
Jhelum,
Chakwal,
Attock, and
Rawalpindi).
Very small numbers of Pakistanis from
Canada and the
United States have historically returned to Pakistan. Although they frequently visit Pakistan during the summer and winter vacations, permanent settlement had not been popular amongst them until 2001. Since the
September 11 terrorist attacks and the recent
Financial crisis of 2007–2010, a large number of
Pakistani-Americans and
Pakistani-Canadians have begun to return. The population of returning expatriates from the Americas, who tend to have excellent credentials, has increased significantly due to new job opportunities in Pakistan.[68] Many from North America are found in the major cities of Pakistan, mainly,
Karachi,
Lahore,
Rawalpindi/
Islamabad,
Faisalabad, and
Peshawar. Large populations can also be found in smaller cities and towns, such as
Sialkot. Those returning from North America have tended to find jobs easier in Pakistan and are involved in a wide scope of fields, primarily
healthcare,
engineering,
law,
banking,
information technology,
mass media, and
industry.
A map showing the distribution and population of Pakistan diaspora by country.
Pakistan
+ 1,000,000
+ 100,000
+ 10,000
+ 1,000
No data
Population of Pakistanis abroad, by country, according to the 2019-20 Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Yearbook,[1] or other estimates (if indicated).
^
abcde"Year Book, 2019–20"(PDF). ophrd.gov.pk/. Islamabad: Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development. p. 61. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^
ab"Bevolking; geslacht, lft, generatie en migr.achtergrond, 1 jan; 1996-2022" [Population; gender, age, generation and migration background, Jan 1; 1996-2022]. cbs.nl (in Dutch). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands). May 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Migratieachtergrond [Migration background] | Pakistan
^D. N. Panigrahi, India's Partition: The Story Of Imperialism In Retreat, 2004; Routledge, p. 16
^Westrip, J. & Holroyde, P. (2010): Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia.Wakefield Press.
ISBN1862548412, p. 175.
^Sir Rupert Hay, the Persian Gulf States, Middle East Institute, Washington DC, 1959; International Labour Organization, 1945-1957, Geneva, 1959; Quoted in Addleton, 1992
^Albert Y. Badre and Simon G Siksek, Manpower and Oil in the Arab Countries, Economic Research Institute,
American University of Beirut, 1960.
^"国籍・地域別 在留資格(在留目的)別 在留外国人" [Foreign residents by nationality/region and residence status (purpose of residence)]. e-stat.go.jp (in Japanese). e-Stat (Japanese government statistics portal site). December 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023. パキスタン [Pakistan]
^"통계월보" [Statistical monthly report]. moj.go.kr (in Korean). 출입국 외국인정책 (Korea Immigration Service). 2019. p. 16. Retrieved 7 August 2023. 체류외국인 연도별·국적(지역)별 현황 [Current status of foreign residents by year and nationality (region)] | 파키스탄 [Pakistan]
Michael Kort (2005).
The Handbook Of East Asia. Lerner Publishing Group. p.
7.
ISBN978-0-7613-2672-4. Retrieved 26 June 2022. South Korea is another emerging economic powerhouse, as is the Republic of China (ROC), a small country that occupies the island of Taiwan in the shadow of its enormous and hostile mainland neighbor, the PRC.
Donald S. Zagoria (30 October 2003).
Breaking the China-Taiwan Impasse. ABC-CLIO. pp. 68–.
ISBN978-0-313-05755-7.
OCLC1058389524. Retrieved 20 March 2022. Taiwan possesses all of the elements of a sovereign state: a legitimate government, population, and a well-defined territory. The fact is that the People's Republic of China (PRC), while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan, has never ruled Taiwan since the PRC's establishment in 1949. Thus, Taiwan is in fact a sovereign country from our perspective.
^"Vatandaşlık ülkesine göre yabancı nüfus" [Foreign population by country of citizenship]. tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^"3. POPULATION. IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1396"(PDF). amar.org.ir. National Organization for Civil Registration, Iran. 2017. p. 38. Retrieved 7 August 2023. 3.22. POPULATION BY SEX AND CITIZENSHIP | 1395 Census
^
abc"Year Book, 2017–18"(PDF). ophrd.gov.pk/. Islamabad: Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development. p. 54. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^"Migration – International migration". stat.gov.az. The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023. 7.2. Distribution of person arriving and departing to Azerbaijan for permanent residency
^"Banco Interativo – Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil" [Interactive Database – International immigrants registered in Brazil]. nepo.unicamp.br (in Portuguese). Observatório das Migrações em São Paulo – NEPO/UNICAMP (Migration Observatory in São Paulo, Brazil). May 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023. País de nascimento [Country of birth] – Paquistão [Pakistan]
^"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017" [Population and Housing Census 2017]. ine.cl (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas INE (National Statistics Institute), Chile. 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Cruces [Crosstabs] – Variables de Personas [Population Variables] – País de nacimiento [Country of birth] | Pakistán [Pakistan]
^"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Conjunto de datos: Población total" [Population and Housing Census 2020 – Data set: Total population]. inegi.org.mx (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía - INEGI (National Institute of Statistic and Geography, Mexico). Retrieved 7 August 2023. Seleccione las variables [Select the variables, at least two] – Migracion [Migration] – Lugar de nacimiento [Place of birth] | En otro país [In another country] – Pakistán [Pakistan]
^"ESTADÍSTICAS DE LA EMIGRACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE PERUANOS E INMIGRACIÓN DE EXTRANJEROS, 1990 – 2017" [STATISTICS OF PERUVIANS' INTERNATIONAL EMIGRATION AND FOREIGNERS' IMMIGRATION, 1990 – 2017] (PDF). inei.gob.pe (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (National Statistics and Informatics Institute, Peru). 2018. p. 239. Retrieved 7 August 2023. EXTRANJEROS RESIDENTES POR SEXO, SEGÚN NACIONALIDAD AL 2017 [RESIDENT FOREIGNERS BY SEX, ACCORDING TO NATIONALITY AS AT 2017] | Pakistán [Pakistan]
^"IX CENSO NACIONAL DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDA 2010 – Informe General" [IX NATIONAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2010 – General Report] (PDF). one.gob.do (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Office, Dominican Republic). June 2012. p. 98. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Población nacida en otro país, por zona de residencia y sexo, según país de nacimiento [Population born in another country, by area of residence and sex, according to country of birth] | Pakistán [Pakistan]
^"Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018" [National Population and Housing Census 2018]. dane.gov.co (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics, Colombia). 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Consultar información [Check information] – Cruce de Variables [Variables Crosstabs] – Personas [Population] – País de nacimiento [Country of birth] | Pakistán [Pakistan]
^"COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICS 2019". eso.ky. Economics and Statistics Office, Cayman Islands (UK). Retrieved 7 August 2023. Work Permits By Nationality, 2019
^
ab"Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 29 November 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Local Authorities – Population by ethnic group, 2021, local authorities in England and Wales
^"Ethnic group MS-B01 | Census 2021". nisra.gov.uk. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). September 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^Hertogen, Jan (2012).
"Beste wensen, inbegrepen aan de 2.738.486 inwoners van vreemde afkomst in België op 01/01/2012" [Best wishes, including to the 2,738,486 inhabitants of foreign origin in Belgium on 01/01/2012]. npdata.be (in Dutch). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands). Retrieved 7 August 2023. Inwoners België naar land van afkomst op 01/01/2012 (1) - Sorteren langs pijltje [Residents of Belgium by country of origin on 01/01/2012 (1) - Sort by arrow] | Pakistan
^"Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo – 2022" [Immigration, Borders and Asylum Report – 2022] (PDF). sef.pt (in Portuguese). Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Foreigners and Borders Service, Portugal). May 2023. p. 61. Retrieved 7 August 2023. População Residente (Stock e Fluxo) por nacionalidade e sexo [Resident Population (Stock and Flow) by nationality and sex] | Paquistão [Pakistan]
^"Cizinci v ČR podle státního občanství v letech 1994 - 2022 (k 31. 12.)" [Foreigners in the Czech Republic by citizenship in the years 1994–2022 (as at 31 December)]. czso.cz (in Czech). Český statistický úřad (Czech Statistical Office). May 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Pákistán [Pakistan]
^"Foreigners in Albania"(PDF). instat.gov.al. Institute of Statistics, Albania. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2023.