Alliance of Hope | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Malay name | Pakatan Harapan ڤاكتن هارڤن |
| Chinese name | 希望联盟 希望聯盟 |
| Tamil name | நம்பிக்கை கூட்டணி |
| Abbreviation | PH |
| President | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| Chairman | Anwar Ibrahim |
| Deputy President | |
| Founded | 22 September 2015 |
| Legalised | 16 May 2018 [1] |
| Preceded by | Pakatan Rakyat |
| Headquarters |
|
| Newspaper |
|
| Student wing | Pakatan Harapan Student Movement |
| Youth wing | Pakatan Harapan Youth Movement [2] [3] |
| Women's wing | Pakatan Harapan Youth Movement [2] [3] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-left |
| Colours | Red and white |
| Dewan Negara | 13 / 70 |
| Dewan Rakyat | 82 / 222 |
| State Legislative Assemblies | 198 / 607 |
| Chief minister of states | 3 / 13 |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
|
pakatanharapan 2022 campaign website | |
 |
|---|
Malaysia portal |
| Alliance of Hope | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 希望聯盟 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 希望联盟 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
The Alliance of Hope ( Malay: Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ruling coalition since November 2022 after it formed the coalition government with other political coalitions and parties as a result of the 2022 Malaysian general election, and after it won the 2018 Malaysian general election to February 2020 when it lost power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis at the federal level for 22 months. The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 election, ending its 60-year-long reign (together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence.
It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 82 seats. At the state level, it is the ruling coalition in 7 of the 13 states in the country, Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Melaka and Sabah. It also holds two-thirds majorities in the state legislative assemblies of Penang and Selangor, while it rules Perak, Pahang and Melaka in coalition governments with Barisan Nasional (BN) and Sabah with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS).
The coalition consists of the Democratic Action Party, People's Justice Party, National Trust Party, and United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation. Its main ally is the Malaysian United Democratic Alliance.
The coalition lost its majority in parliament and fell from power in February 2020 when its chairman and then- Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned after 22 months in office (compared to his 22 years as Prime Minister while with UMNO), and the Malaysian United Indigenous Party together with 11 members of parliament from the People's Justice Party left the coalition. [4] [5] [6]
After the 2022 general election that resulted in a hung parliament, the Alliance of Hope returned to power with a two-thirds majority by forming a coalition government with National Front (BN), Sarawak Parties' Alliance (GPS), Sabah People's Alliance (GRS), Heritage Party (WARISAN), Malaysian People's Party (PBM), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents led by Prime Minister and PH Chairman Anwar Ibrahim. Meanwhile Muhyiddin Yassin's Perikatan Nasional takes the role as the opposition, with 74 seats.
History
Formation
Pakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party, the Democratic Action Party and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Pakatan Harapan was founded on 22 September 2015, two years after the 2013 general election, due to disagreements and conflicts between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the issue of the implementation of the sharia law, resulting in PAS splitting off from Pakatan Rakyat and the break-up of the coalition on 16 June 2015. [7] [8] The dissolution resulted in the formation of a new coalition named Pakatan Harapan, consisting the former Pakatan Rakyat parties, PKR and DAP, and a PAS split-off party, the National Trust Party. [9] [10]
On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation split-off party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party, founded and led by former Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining the opposition bloc Pakatan Harapan. [11] [12] Later, on 13 December, the party formed an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan, [13] and finally on 14 March 2017, BERSATU officially joined Pakatan Harapan as a member party. [14]
2018 general election
On 14 July 2017, the Presidential council line-up was confirmed. A common logo was also introduced with the word "Harapan" with the "A" shaped as a chevron in white on a red background. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election, but the use of the logo and registration of the coalition was denied by the Election Commission. [15] To pursue the coalition's plan to contest under a common logo, Pakatan announced that the PKR logo will be used by all component parties of the coalition as its election symbol in the elections, [16] excluding for DAP who chose to contest under their own party flag in Sabah and Sarawak. [17] [18] [19]
The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party for the 2018 general election. WARISAN's president, Shafie Apdal, promised that the party would be represented on the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power, [20] adding that through the electoral pact they will only co-operate with Pakatan as an ally, and not joining the pact as a component party since they will only contest in Sabah, not in Peninsular Malaysia. [21] In that election, Pakatan Harapan swept the election and formed the government in a surprise upset overturning the former ruling party UMNO's decades of uninterrupted rule, as the Malay vote was dissatisfied and mainly went to Amanah and popular former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's party Bersatu, while the Chinese vote was solidly behind parties like DAP and PKR. Following the surprise victory of Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN in the general election, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation announced that they have left Barisan Nasional and will form a new Sabah state government with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan. [22] UPKO and WARISAN are currently both the allies for Pakatan Harapan since both parties are also allied towards each other's in Sabah. [23]
At the state level, due to 2018 general election results the coalition formed the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah. [note 1] Pakatan Harapan also forms a government with a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.
Post-election
On 16 May 2018, the coalition was officially registered. [24] After winning the power in 2018, the coalition made some efforts in ensuring an independent trial for Najib's corruption charges, an independent anti-corruption commission, and repealing anti-fake news law. On the other hand, other issues such as decentralisation of powers to Sabah and Sarawak, educational reform, issues relating to indigenous people (orang asli), racial equality, and political patronage remained unchanged. Meanwhile, the Pakatan Harapan government was distracted by factional infighting. [25]
On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as the Prime Minister. BERSATU which had 26 MPs, withdrew from the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition. In addition, 11 MPs from PKR resigned from the party to form an independent bloc. This leaves Pakatan Harapan 37 seats short of the 112 seats needed to form a government. The surprise announcement came amid speculation that Mahathir was attempting to form a new ruling coalition that would exclude his designated successor Anwar Ibrahim. [4] [5] [6] However, Anwar later clarified to reporters that Mahathir did not orchestrate the act. These events also resulted in the number of Pakatan Harapan coalition member parties returned to the original three. [26]
At the state level, Pakatan Harapan lost control of Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah. A few PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in the state legislative assemblies quit their party and expressed support for the new government Perikatan Nasional in those four states. [27] [28] [29] [30]
Party-to-party relations
Pakatan Harapan at coalition level doesn't have any allegiance with political internationals. Some of its component parties does, as PKR was recognized as observer party of Liberal International while DAP co-founded the Progressive Alliance. On the aftermath of 15th general election, Anwar Ibrahim received congratulatory message from Ennahda Party of Tunisia. [31] The party previously was present at an event organised by AMANAH in 2015.
Member parties and allied party
| Flag | Name | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Seats contested |
2022 result | Current seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | ||||||||
| Member parties | ||||||||||
 |
DAP |
Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik |
Social democracy Social liberalism |
Centre-left | Anthony Loke | 55 | 15.61% | 40 / 222
|
40 / 82
| |
 |
PKR |
People's Justice Party Parti Keadilan Rakyat |
Liberal democracy Social liberalism |
Centre | Anwar Ibrahim | 102 | 15.74% | 31 / 222
|
31 / 82
| |
 |
AMANAH |
National Trust Party Parti Amanah Negara |
Progressivism Islamic modernism |
Centre-left | Mohamad Sabu | 54 | 5.70% | 8 / 222
|
8 / 82
| |
 |
UPKO |
United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu |
Sabah regionalism | N/A | Ewon Benedick | 5 | 0.47% | 2 / 222
|
2 / 82
| |
| Allied party | ||||||||||
 |
MUDA |
Malaysian United Democratic Alliance Ikatan Demokratik Malaysia [32] [33] |
Youth politics | Centre-left | Syed Saddiq | 6 | 0.48% | 1 / 222
|
1 / 82
| |
Former member party
- Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), (2017–2020)
List of leaders
Chairman
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) |
.jpg)
|
14 July 2017 | 24 February 2020 | 2 years, 225 days | BERSATU |
| 2 |
Anwar Ibrahim (b. 1947) |
.png)
|
14 May 2020 | Incumbent | 2 years, 310 days | PKR |
President
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (b. 1952) |
|
14 July 2017 | Incumbent | 5 years, 249 days | PKR |
Women Chiefs
| No. | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Zuraida Kamaruddin (b. 1958) |
14 August 2017 | 24 February 2020 | 2 years, 194 days | PKR | |
| 2 |
Chong Eng (b. 1957) |
18 March 2021 | 12 September 2021 | 178 days | DAP | |
| 3 |
Aiman Athirah Sabu (b. 1972) |
12 September 2021 | Incumbent | 1 year, 189 days | AMANAH | |
Youth Chiefs
| No. | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (b. 1982) |
.jpg)
|
31 October 2017 | 13 December 2018 | 1 year, 43 days | PKR |
| 2 |
Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman (b. 1992) |
.jpg)
|
13 December 2018 | 24 February 2020 | 1 year, 73 days | BERSATU |
| 3 |
Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin (1987–2021) |
4 March 2021 | 6 August 2021 | 155 days | AMANAH | |
| 4 |
Howard Lee Chuan How (b. 1983) |
|
12 September 2021 | 29 July 2022 | 320 days | DAP |
| 5 |
Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (b. 1986) |
29 July 2022 | Incumbent | 234 days | DAP | |
Leadership structure
Central Leadership Council
- Chairman:
- Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)
- President:
- Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (PKR)
- Deputy President:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
- Mohamad Sabu (AMANAH)
- Ewon Benedick (UPKO)
- Vice-President:
- Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
- Salahuddin Ayub (AMANAH)
- M. Kulasegaran (DAP)
- Christina Liew (PKR)
- Donald Peter Mojuntin (UPKO)
- Chief Secretary:
- Treasurer:
- Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
- Women Chief:
- Aiman Athirah Sabu (AMANAH)
- Youth Chief:
- Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (DAP)
- Elections Director:
- Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
- Communications Director:
- Fahmi Fadzil (PKR)
- Strategies Director:
- Salahuddin Ayub (AMANAH)
- Information Chief:
- Teo Nie Ching (DAP)
- Chief Whip:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
- State Chairman:
- Johor: Salahuddin Ayub (AMANAH)
- Kedah: Mahfuz Omar (AMANAH)
- Kelantan: Muhammad Husin (AMANAH)
- Malacca: Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
- Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
- Pahang: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
- Perak: Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)
- Perlis: Noor Amin Ahmad (PKR)
- Penang: Chow Kon Yeow (DAP)
- Sabah: Christina Liew (PKR)
- Sarawak: Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
- Selangor: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
- Terengganu: Raja Kamarul Bahrin (AMANAH)
- Federal Territory: Tan Kok Wai (DAP)
- State Deputy Chairperson:
- Johor:
- Aminolhuda Hassan (AMANAH)
- Liew Chin Tong (DAP)
- Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
- Kedah:
- Nurul Izzah Anwar (PKR)
- Ismail Salleh (AMANAH)
- Tan Kok Yew (DAP)
- Kelantan:
- Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (PKR)
- Azaha Abdul Rani (DAP)
- Malacca:
- Damian Yeo Shen Li (DAP)
- Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
- Negeri Sembilan:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
- Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman (AMANAH)
- Pahang:
- Leong Ngah Ngah (DAP)
- Zulkifli Mohamed (AMANAH)
- Perak:
- Nga Kor Ming (DAP)
- Asmuni Awi (AMANAH)
- Chang Lih Kang (PKR)
- Perlis:
- Wan Kharizal Wan Khazi (AMANAH)
- Teh Seng Chuan (DAP)
- Penang:
- Nurul Izzah Anwar (PKR)
- Roslan Ahmad (AMANAH)
- Sabah:
- Poon Ming Fung (DAP)
- Sangkar Rasam (PKR)
- Wilfred Madius Tangau (UPKO)
- Lahirul Latigu (AMANAH)
- Sarawak:
- Ronald Engan (PKR)
- Abang Abd Halil Abang Naili (AMANAH)
- Selangor:
- Gobind Singh Deo (DAP)
- Izham Hashim (AMANAH)
- Terengganu:
- Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (PKR)
- Ng Chai Hing (DAP)
- Federal Territory:
- Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
- Mohd Hatta Ramli (AMANAH)
- Johor:
Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Harapan)
- Youth Chief:
- Deputy Youth Chiefs:
- Hasbie Muda
- Adam Adli
- Nurthaqaffah Nordin
- Felix Joseph Saang
- Vice-Youth Chiefs:
- Nik Abdul Razak Nik Md Ridzuan
- Young Syefura Othman
- Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim
- Kennedy John Angian
- Youth Secretary:
- Musaddeq Khalid
- Deputy Youth Secretary:
- Omar Mokhtar A Manap
- Youth Treasurer:
- Deputy Youth Treasurer:
- Nur Najihah Muhaimin
- Youth Communications Director:
- Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak
- Youth Public Policies Directors:
- Ong Chun Wei
- Nadia Fathin Syahira Ahmad Nazri
- Ammar Atan
- Youth Mobilization Directors:
- Umar Khair
- Abbas Azmi
- Jason Raj Kirupanantha
- Youth Elections Directors:
- Asmaaliff Abdul Adam
- Prabakaran Parameswaran
- Keristinah Philip Selvaraju
|}
Women's Wing (Wanita Pakatan Harapan)
- Women's Chief:
- Deputy Women's Chiefs:
- Vice-Women's Chiefs:
- Women's Secretary:
- Deputy Women's Secretary:
- Norhayati Bidin
- Women's Treasurer:
- Women's Information Chief:
- Soraya Salim
- Women's Communications Director:
- Women's Elections Director:
- Rozita Abdul
- Women's Training Director:
- Sangetha Jayakumar
- Media and IT Bureau Chief:
- Loh Ker Chean
- Public Policies Chief:
- Mobilization Chief:
- Anfaal Saari
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- His Majesty's appointee:
- Saifuddin Nasution Ismail (PKR)
- Fuziah Salleh (PKR)
- Saraswathy Kandasami (PKR)
- Roderick Wong Siew Lead (DAP)
- Hasbie Muda (AMANAH)
- Mohd Hatta Ramli (AMANAH)
- Manolan Mohamad (PKR)
- Abun Sui Anyit (PKR)
- Noorita Sual (DAP)
-
Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
- Kesavadas A. Achyuthan Nair (DAP)
- Ahmad Azam Hamzah (PKR)
-
Penang State Legislative Assembly:
- Lingeshwaran R. Arunasalam (DAP)
- Amir Md Ghazali (PKR)
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
Pakatan Harapan has 82 members in the House of Representatives (with allied parties).
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Pakatan Harapan state governments
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negeri Sembilan |
Menteri Besar | Aminuddin Harun | PKR | Sikamat | |
Penang |
Chief Minister | Chow Kon Yeow | DAP | Padang Kota | |
Selangor |
Menteri Besar | Amirudin Shari | PKR | Sungai Tua | |
Pakatan Harapan also forms the state governments of Pahang, Perak and Melaka in coalition with Barisan Nasional, and the state government of Sabah in coalition with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Penang |
Deputy Chief Minister I | Ahmad Zakiyuddin Abdul Rahman | PKR | Pinang Tunggal | |
|
Penang |
Deputy Chief Minister II | Ramasamy Palanisamy | DAP | Perai | |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Negeri Sembilan |
Speaker | Zulkefly Mohamad Omar | AMANAH | Non-MLA | |
|
Negeri Sembilan |
Deputy Speaker | Ravi Munusamy | PKR | Sri Tanjung | |
Pahang |
Deputy Speaker | Lee Chin Chen | DAP | Bilut | |
|
Penang |
Speaker | Law Choo Kiang | PKR | Non-MLA | |
|
Penang |
Deputy Speaker | Amar Pritpal Abdullah | PKR | Sungai Bakap | |
Perak |
Deputy Speaker | Jenny Choy Tsi Jen | DAP | Canning | |
|
Selangor |
Speaker | Ng Suee Lim | DAP | Sekinchan | |
|
Selangor |
Deputy Speaker | Hasnul Baharuddin | AMANAH | Morib | |
Ministerial posts
General election results
| Election | Total seats won | Seats contesed | Total votes | Voting Percentage | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 122 / 222
|
222 | 5,615,822 | 45.56% |  53 seats; Governing coalition (2018–2020)later Opposition coalition (2020–2022) |
Mahathir Mohamad |
| 2022 | 82 / 222
|
220 | 5,801,327 | 37.46% |  40 seats; Governing coalition with
Barisan Nasional,
Gabungan Parti Sarawak and
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah
|
Anwar Ibrahim |
State election results
| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
|
| 2016 | 10 / 82 |
|||||||||||||
| 2018 | 3 / 15 |
18 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
37 / 40 |
29 / 59 |
9 / 42 |
51 / 56 |
20 / 36 |
15 / 28 |
36 / 56 |
29 / 60 |
241 / 587
| |
| 2020 | 32 / 73
|
|||||||||||||
| 2021 | 5 / 28
|
5 / 28
| ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2 / 82
|
2 / 62
| ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 12 / 56
|
12 / 50
| ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1 / 15
|
24 / 59
|
8 / 42
|
33 / 115
| ||||||||||
| 2023 | 0 / 36
|
0 / 45
|
0 / 32
|
0 / 40
|
0 / 56
|
0 / 36
|
||||||||
See also
Notes
- ^ The state government of Sabah was formed with a confidence and supply agreement with WARISAN and UPKO.
References
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- ^ a b Regan, Helen (24 February 2020). "Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigns". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
-
^
"Pakatan Rakyat Split Will Change Country's Political Landscape". Bernama. Malaysian Digest. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link) - ^ Asrul Hadi Abdullah Sani (18 June 2015). "Break up of Malaysia's opposition bloc Pakatan Rakyat: What happened and what's next?". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- ^ Harits Asyraf Hasnan (22 September 2015). "New Pakatan Harapan coalition formed". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ Shannon Teoh (23 September 2015). "Malaysia's opposition forms Pakatan Harapan alliance". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ Melissa Goh (12 November 2016). "'The only way to win is to unite and contest under one party': Mahathir". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
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-
^
"Opposition Pact to unveil common logo for GE14 on Friday". New Straits Times. 5 April 2018.
Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
In a press conference at Parliament lobby on Thursday, Lim Guan Eng however said the change will only be for peninsula in the polls and the four parties will not use the common Pakatan Harapan logo in Sabah and Sarawak for GE14 election campaign. They're different because they have autonomy. So we respect this and they can use the DAP rocket logo.
-
^ Julia Chan (6 April 2018).
"Sabah, Sarawak Pakatan parties won't use common logo". The Malay Mail.
Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
This was a big decision for us, to be able to exercise our autonomy and decide for ourselves. We chose to use our own respective party flags. So, PKR, DAP and Amanah flags will be used here.
-
^ Sharon Ling (9 April 2018).
"Sarawak DAP to use rocket logo for GE14". The Star.
Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
We have decided that DAP will use the rocket symbol while PKR and Amanah will both use the PKR logo.
- ^ "Warisan seals electoral pact with DAP and PKR". Malaysiakini. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.(subscription required)
- ^ Suzianah Jiffar (2 April 2018). "Warisan will work only with Pakatan Harapan for GE14". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ Tan Su Lin (10 May 2018). "UPKO umum keluar BN, wujud kerajaan campuran dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "UPKO bentuk pakatan dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Berita Harian. 10 May 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Pakatan Harapan is officially registered". Free Malaysia Today. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ Tapsell, Ross (2020). "Malaysia in 2019". Southeast Asian Affairs. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute: 191–208. doi: 10.1355/aa20-1k. JSTOR 26938891. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ "Mahathir did not mastermind treacherous act, clarifies Anwar". Malaysiakini. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
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- ^ "Anwar Ibrahim on Instagram: "Sahabat saya Cheikh Rached Ghannouchi mewakili Partai Ennahdha Tunisia kirim tahniah kepada Pakatan Harapan kerana muncul unggul pada PRU15 yang lalu. Beliau turut mendoakan buat kesejahteraan rakyat dan negara Malaysia."". Instagram. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
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- ^ "Ready, Syed, go: Syed Saddiq registers new party, 'Muda' | New Straits Times". 17 September 2020.
