From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Units of measure for Watts (W) with examples
This page lists examples of the
power in
watts produced by various sources of
energy . They are grouped by
orders of magnitude from small to large.
Below 1 W
Factor (
watts )
SI
prefix
Value (
watts )
Value
(decibel-milliwatts)
Item
10−50
5.4 × 10−50
−463 dBm
astro: Hawking radiation power of the ultramassive black hole
TON 618 .
[1]
[2]
10−27
ronto- (rW)
1.64× 10 −27
−238 dBm
phys: approximate power of
gravitational radiation emitted by a 1000 kg satellite in
geosynchronous orbit around the Earth.
10−24
yocto- (yW)
1× 10 −24
−210 dBm
10−21
zepto- (zW)
1× 10 −21
−180 dBm
biomed: approximate lowest recorded power consumption of a deep-subsurface marine microbe
[3]
10−20
1× 10 −20
−170 dBm
tech: approximate power of
Galileo space probe's radio signal (when at
Jupiter ) as received on earth by a 70-meter
DSN antenna.
10−18
atto- (aW)
1× 10 −18
−150 dBm
phys: approximate power scale at which operation of
nanoelectromechanical systems are overwhelmed by
thermal fluctuations .
[4]
10−16
1× 10 −16
−130 dBm
tech: the
GPS signal strength measured at the surface of the Earth.[
clarification needed ]
[5]
10−16
2× 10 −16
−127 dBm
biomed: approximate theoretical minimum luminosity detectable by the
human eye under perfect conditions
10−15
femto- (fW)
2.5× 10 −15
−116 dBm
tech: minimum discernible signal at the antenna terminal of a good
FM radio receiver
10−14
1× 10 −14
−110 dBm
tech: approximate lower limit of power reception on digital
spread-spectrum cell phones
10−12
pico- (pW)
1× 10 −12
−90 dBm
biomed: average power consumption of a human
cell
10−11
1.84× 10 −11
−77 dBm
phys: power lost in the form of
synchrotron radiation by a proton revolving in the
Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV
[6]
10−10
1× 10 −10
−68 dBm
astro: estimated total Hawking radiation power of all black holes in the observable universe.
[7]
[8]
[9]
1.5× 10 −10
−68 dBm
biomed: power entering a
human eye from a 100-watt lamp 1
km away
10−9
nano- (nW)
2–15× 10 −9
−57 dBm to −48 dBm
tech: power consumption of 8-bit
PIC microcontroller chips when in "sleep" mode
10−6
micro- (μW)
1× 10 −6
−30 dBm
tech: approximate consumption of a
quartz or mechanical
wristwatch
3× 10 −6
−25 dBm
astro:
cosmic microwave background radiation per square meter
10−5
5× 10 −5
−13 dBm
biomed: sound power incident on a human
eardrum at the threshold intensity for
pain (500 mW/m2 ).
10−3
milli- (mW)
5× 10 −3
7 dBm
tech:
laser in a
CD-ROM drive
5–10× 10 −3
7 dBm to 10 dBm
tech: laser in a
DVD player
10−2
centi- (cW)
7× 10 −2
18 dBm
tech: antenna power in a typical consumer
wireless router
10−1
deci- (dW)
1.2× 10 −1
21 dBm
astro: total proton decay power of Earth, assuming the half life of protons to take on the value 1035 years.
[10]
[11]
5× 10 −1
27 dBm
tech: maximum allowed carrier output power of an
FRS radio
1 to 102 W
103 to 108 W
103
kilo- (kW)
1–3 × 103 W
tech: heat output of a domestic
electric kettle
1.1 × 103 W
tech: power of a
microwave oven
1.366 × 103 W
astro: power per square metre received from the
Sun at the
Earth's orbit
1.5 × 103 W
tech: legal limit of power output of an
amateur radio station in the United States
up to 2 × 103 W
biomed: approximate short-time power output of
sprinting professional cyclists and
weightlifters doing
snatch lifts
2.4 × 103 W
geo: average power consumption per person worldwide in 2008 (21,283
kWh/year )
3.3–6.6 × 103 W
eco: average
photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of ocean
[23]
3.6 × 103 W
tech:
synchrotron radiation power lost per ring in the
Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV
[6]
104
1–5 × 104 W
tech:
nominal power of
clear channel
AM
[24]
1.00 × 104 W
eco: average power consumption per person in the United States in 2008 (87,216
kWh/year )
1.4 × 104 W
tech: average power consumption of an electric car on
EPA 's Highway test schedule
[25]
[26]
1.45 × 104 W
astro: power per square metre received from the
Sun at
Mercury 's orbit at
perihelion
1.6–3.2 × 104 W
eco: average photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of
land
[23]
3 × 104 W
tech: power generated by the four motors of
GEN H-4 one-man
helicopter
4–20 × 104 W
tech: approximate range of peak power output of typical
automobiles (50-250
hp )
5–10 × 104 W
tech: highest allowed
ERP for an
FM band radio station in the United States
[27]
105
1.67 × 105 W
tech: power consumption of
UNIVAC 1 computer
2.5–8 × 105 W
tech: approximate range of power output of '
supercars ' (300 to 1000
hp )
4.5 × 105 W
tech: approximate maximum power output of a large
18-wheeler truck engine (600
hp )
106
mega- (MW)
1.3 × 106 W
tech: power output of
P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft
2.0 × 106 W
tech: peak power output of
GE 's standard wind turbine
2.4 × 106 W
tech: peak power output of a
Princess Coronation class steam locomotive (approx 3.3K EDHP on test) (1937)
2.5 × 106 W
biomed: peak power output of a
blue whale
3 × 106 W
tech: mechanical power output of a diesel
locomotive
4.4 × 106 W
tech: total mechanical power output of Titanic's coal-fueled steam engines
[28]
7 × 106 W
tech: mechanical power output of a
Top Fuel dragster
8 × 106 W
tech: peak power output of the
MHI Vestas V164 , the world's largest offshore wind turbine
107
1 × 107 W
tech: highest
ERP allowed for an
UHF television station
1.03 × 107 W
geo: electrical power output of
Togo
1.22 × 107 W
tech: approx power available to a
Eurostar 20-carriage train
1.6 × 107 W
tech: rate at which a typical
gasoline pump transfers chemical energy to a vehicle
2.6 × 107 W
tech: peak power output of the reactor of a
Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine
7.5 × 107 W
tech: maximum power output of one
GE90 jet engine as installed on the
Boeing 777
108
1.4 × 108 W
tech: average power consumption of a
Boeing 747 passenger aircraft
1.9 × 108 W
tech: peak power output of a
Nimitz -class
aircraft carrier
5 × 108 W
tech: typical power output of a
Fossil fuel power station
9 × 108 W
tech: electric power output of a
CANDU nuclear reactor
9.59 × 108 W
geo: average electrical power consumption of
Zimbabwe in 1998
9.86 × 108 W
astro: approximate solar power received by the dwarf planet
Sedna at its aphelion (937 AU)
The productive capacity of electrical generators operated by utility companies is often measured in MW. Few things can sustain the transfer or consumption of energy on this scale; some of these events or entities include: lightning strikes, naval craft (such as
aircraft carriers and
submarines ), engineering hardware, and some scientific research equipment (such as
supercolliders and large
lasers ).
For reference, about 10,000 100-watt lightbulbs or 5,000 computer systems would be needed to draw 1 MW. Also, 1 MW is approximately 1360
horsepower . Modern high-power
diesel-electric
locomotives typically have a peak power of 3–5 MW, while a typical modern
nuclear power plant produces on the order of 500–2000 MW peak output.
109 to 1014 W
109
giga- (GW)
1.3 × 109
tech: electric power output of
Manitoba Hydro Limestone
hydroelectric generating station
2.074 × 109
tech: peak power generation of
Hoover Dam
2.1 × 109
tech: peak power generation of
Aswan Dam
3.4 × 109
tech: estimated power consumption of the
Bitcoin network in 2017
[29]
4.116 × 109
tech: installed capacity of
Kendal Power Station , the world's largest
coal-fired power plant .
1010
1.17 × 1010
tech: power produced by the
Space Shuttle in liftoff configuration (9.875 GW from the SRBs; 1.9875 GW from the SSMEs.)
[30]
1.26 × 1010
tech: electrical power generation of the
Itaipu Dam
1.27 × 1010
geo: average electrical power consumption of
Norway in 1998
2.25 × 1010
tech: peak electrical power generation of the
Three Gorges Dam , the power plant with the world's largest generating capacity of any type.
[31]
2.24 × 1010
tech: peak power of all German
solar panels (at noon on a cloudless day), researched by the Fraunhofer ISE research institute in 2014
[32]
5.027 × 1010
tech : peak electrical power consumption of
California Independent System Operator users between 1998 and 2018, recorded at 14:44
Pacific Time , July 24, 2006.
[33]
5.22 × 1010
tech : China total nuclear power capacity as of 2022.
[34]
5.5 × 1010
tech : peak daily electrical power consumption of Great Britain in November 2008.
[35]
7.31 × 1010
tech : total installed power capacity of
Turkey on December 31, 2015.
[36]
9.55 × 1010
tech : United States total nuclear power capacity as of 2022.
[34]
1011
1.016 × 1011
tech: peak electrical power consumption of France (February 8, 2012 at 7:00 pm)
1.12 × 1011
tech: United States total installed solar capacity as of 2022.
[37]
1.41 × 1011
tech: United States total wind turbine capacity in 2022.
[37]
1.66 × 1011
tech: average power consumption of the first stage of the
Saturn V rocket.
[38]
[39]
3.66 × 1011
tech: China total wind turbine capacity in 2022.
[37]
3.92 × 1011
tech: China total installed solar capacity as of 2022.
[37]
7 × 1011
biomed: humankind
basal metabolic rate as of 2013 (
7 billion people ).
8.99 × 1011
tech: worldwide
wind turbine capacity at end of 2022.
[37]
1012
tera- (TW)
1.062 × 1012
tech: worldwide installed solar capacity at end of 2022.
[37]
2 × 1012
astro: approximate power generated between the surfaces of
Jupiter and its moon
Io due to Jupiter's tremendous magnetic field.
[40]
3.34 × 1012
geo: average total (gas, electricity, etc.) power consumption of the US in 2005
[41]
1013
2.04 × 1013
tech: average rate of
power consumption of humanity over 2022.
[42]
4.7 × 1013
geo: average total
heat flow at Earth's surface which originates from its interior .
[43] Main sources are roughly equal amounts of
radioactive decay and residual heat from
Earth's formation .
[44]
5–20 × 1013
weather: rate of heat energy release by a
hurricane [
citation needed ]
1014
1.4 × 1014
eco: global
net primary production (=
biomass production) via
photosynthesis
[45]
2.9 × 1014
tech: the power the
Z machine reaches in
1 billionth of a second when it is fired[
citation needed ]
3 × 1014
weather:
Hurricane Katrina's rate of release of
latent heat energy into the air.
[46]
3 × 1014
tech: power reached by the extremely high-power
Hercules
laser from the
University of Michigan .[
citation needed ]
4.6 × 1014
geo: estimated rate of net global heating, evaluated as
Earth's energy imbalance , from 2005 to 2019.
[47]
[48] The rate of
ocean heat uptake approximately doubled over this period.
[49]
1015 to 1026 W
1015
peta-
~2 × 1.00 × 1015 W
tech: Omega EP laser power at the
Laboratory for Laser Energetics . There are two separate beams that are combined.
1.4 × 1015 W
geo: estimated heat flux transported by the
Gulf Stream .
5 × 1015 W
geo: estimated net heat flux transported from Earth's equator and towards each pole. Value is a latitudinal maximum arising near 40° in each hemisphere.
[50]
[51]
7 × 1015 W
tech: worlds most powerful laser in operation (claimed on February 7, 2019, by
Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) at
Magurele , Romania)
[52]
1016
1.03 × 1016 W
tech: world's most powerful laser pulses (claimed on October 24, 2017, by
SULF of
Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics ).
[53]
1–10 × 1016 W
tech: estimated total power output of a Type-I civilization on the
Kardashev scale .
[54]
1017
1.73 × 1017 W
astro: total power received by
Earth from the
Sun
[55]
2 × 1017 W
tech : planned peak power of
Extreme Light Infrastructure laser
[56]
4.6 × 1017 W
astro: total internal heat flux of Jupiter
[57]
1018
exa- (EW)
In a keynote presentation, NIF & Photon Science Chief Technology Officer Chris Barty described the "Nexawatt" Laser, an exawatt (1,000-petawatt) laser concept based on NIF technologies, on April 13 at the SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics 2015 Conference in Prague. Barty also gave an invited talk on "Laser-Based Nuclear Photonics" at the SPIE meeting.
[58]
1021
zetta- (ZW)
1022
5.31 × 1022 W
astro: approximate
luminosity of
2MASS J0523−1403 , the least luminous star known.
[59]
1023
4.08 × 1023 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
Wolf 359
1024
yotta- (YW)
5.3 × 1024 W
tech: estimated power of the
Tsar Bomba
hydrogen bomb detonation
[60]
9.8 × 1024 W
astro: approximate luminosity of Sirius b, Sirius's
white dwarf companion.
[61]
[62]
1026
1 × 1026 W
tech: power generating capacity of a Type-II civilization on the
Kardashev scale .
[54]
3.828 × 1026 W
astro:
luminosity of the
Sun
[63]
7.67 × 1026 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
Alpha Centauri , the closest (triple) star system.
[64]
1027
9.77 × 1027 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
Sirius , the visibly brightest star as viewed from Earth.
[65]
1028
6.51 × 1028 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
Arcturus , a solar-mass red giant
[66]
Over 1027 W
1030
quetta- (QW)
1.99 × 1030 W
astro: peak luminosity of the Sun in its thermally-pulsing, late
AGB phase (≈5200x present)
[67]
4.1 × 1030 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
Canopus
[68]
1031
2.53 × 1031 W
astro: approximate luminosity of the
Beta Centauri triple star system
[69]
1032
1.23 × 1032 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
Deneb
1033
Quetkilo- (QkW)
1.79 × 1033 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
R136a1
[70]
2.1 × 1033 W
astro: approximate luminosity of the
Eta Carinae system
[71]
1034
4 × 1034 W
tech: approximate power used by a type III civilization in the
Kardashev scale .
[54]
1036
Quetmega- (QMW)
5.7 × 1036 W
astro: approximate luminosity of the
Milky Way galaxy
[72]
[73]
1037
4 × 1037 W
astro: approximate internal luminosity of the Sun for a few seconds as it undergoes a
helium flash .
[74]
[75]
1038
2.2 × 1038 W
astro: approximate luminosity of the extremely luminous supernova
ASASSN-15lh
[76]
[77]
1039
Quetgiga- (QGW)
1 × 1039 W
astro: average luminosity of a
quasar
1.57 × 1039 W
astro: approximate luminosity of
3C273 , the brightest quasar seen from Earth
[78]
1040
5 × 1040 W
astro: approximate peak luminosity of the energetic fast blue optical transient
CSS161010
[79]
1041
1 × 1041 W
astro: approximate luminosity of the most luminous quasars in our universe, e.g.,
APM 08279+5255 and HS 1946+7658.
[80]
1042
Quettera- (QTW)
1.7 × 1042 W
astro: approximate luminosity of the
Laniakea Supercluster
[81]
[82]
3 × 1042 W
astro: approximate luminosity of an average
gamma-ray burst
[83]
1043
2.2 × 1043 W
astro: average stellar luminosity in one cubic giga
light-year of space
1045
Quetpeta- (QPW)
1046
1 × 1046 W
astro: record for maximum beaming-corrected intrinsic luminosity ever achieved by a
gamma-ray burst
[84]
1047
7.519 × 1047 W
phys:
Hawking radiation luminosity of a
Planck mass
black hole
[85]
1048
Quetexa- (QEW)
9.5 × 1048 W
astro: luminosity of the entire
Observable universe
[86] ≈ 24.6 billion trillion solar luminosity.
1049
3.6 × 1049 W
astro: peak gravitational wave radiative power of
GW150914 , the merger event of two distant stellar-mass black holes. It is attributed to the first observation of gravitational waves.
[87]
1052
3.63 × 1052 W
phys: the unit of power as expressed under the
Planck units ,
[note 1] at which the definition of power under modern conceptualizations of physics breaks down. Equivalent to one Planck mass-energy per Planck time.
See also
Notes
^
c
5
G
{\displaystyle {\frac {c^{5}}{G}}}
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^
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^
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^
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c
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^
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^
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^
"Scientists create record-breaking 10-petawatt laser that can vaporize matter" . TechSpot . May 7, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2020 .
^
"Super Laser Sets Another Record For Peak Power" . Shanghai Municipal Government. October 26, 2017.
^
a
b
c Lemarchand, Guillermo A.
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^ Chandler, David L. (October 26, 2011).
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved January 31, 2023 .
^
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^ Li, Liming; Jiang, X.; West, R. A.; Gierasch, P. J.; Perez-Hoyos, S.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Fletcher, L. N.; Fortney, J. J.; Knowles, B.; Porco, C. C.; Baines, K. H.; Fry, P. M.; Mallama, A.; Achterberg, R. K.; Simon, A. A. (September 13, 2018).
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2018NatCo...9.3709L .
doi :
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ISSN
2041-1723 .
PMC
6137063 .
PMID
30213944 .
S2CID
52274616 .
^
"Papers and Presentations" . Lasers.llnl.gov. January 28, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2018 .
^ Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Rice, Emily L.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Cruz, Kelle L.; Van Gordon, Mollie M.; Looper, Dagny L. (September 10, 2015). "Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime". The Astrophysical Journal . 810 (2): 158.
arXiv :
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Bibcode :
2015ApJ...810..158F .
doi :
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^ Matt Ford (September 15, 2006).
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^
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^ Calculated: L = Stefan-Boltzmann constant × (Sirius b surface temperature)^4 × 4pi × (radius)^2 = 5.67e-8 × 25200^4 × 4pi × (5.84e+6)^2 = 9.8e+24 W.
^
"The IAU Strategic Plan 2010-2020: Astronomy for Development" (PDF) . Archived from
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^ Akeson, Rachel; Beichman, Charles; Kervella, Pierre; Fomalont, Edward; Benedict, G. Fritz (July 1, 2021).
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arXiv :
2104.10086 .
Bibcode :
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doi :
10.3847/1538-3881/abfaff .
ISSN
0004-6256 .
^ Liebert, James; Young, Patrick A.; Arnett, David; Holberg, J. B.; Williams, Kurtis A. (September 1, 2005). "The Age and Progenitor Mass of Sirius B". The Astrophysical Journal . 630 (1): L69–L72.
arXiv :
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Bibcode :
2005ApJ...630L..69L .
doi :
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ISSN
0004-637X .
S2CID
8792889 .
^ Schroder, Klaus-Peter; Cuntz, Manfred (April 2007). "A critical test of empirical mass loss formulae applied to individual giants and supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 465 (2): 593–601.
arXiv :
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Bibcode :
2007A&A...465..593S .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20066633 .
ISSN
0004-6361 .
S2CID
55901104 .
^ Sackmann, I. -Juliana; Boothroyd, Arnold I.; Kraemer, Kathleen E. (November 1, 1993).
"Our Sun. III. Present and Future" . The Astrophysical Journal . 418 : 457.
Bibcode :
1993ApJ...418..457S .
doi :
10.1086/173407 .
ISSN
0004-637X .
^ Cruzalèbes, P.; Jorissen, A.; Rabbia, Y.; Sacuto, S.; Chiavassa, A.; Pasquato, E.; Plez, B.; Eriksson, K.; Spang, A.; Chesneau, O. (September 1, 2013). "Fundamental parameters of 16 late-type stars derived from their angular diameter measured with VLTI/AMBER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 434 (1): 437–450.
arXiv :
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doi :
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ISSN
0035-8711 .
^ Shultz, M. E.; Wade, G. A.; Rivinius, Th; Alecian, E.; Neiner, C.; Petit, V.; Wisniewski, J. P.; MiMeS, the; Collaborations, BinaMIcS (May 11, 2019). "The Magnetic Early B-type Stars II: stellar atmospheric parameters in the era of Gaia". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 485 (2): 1508–1527.
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ISSN
0035-8711 .
^ Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (August 1, 2022).
"Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical" . The Astrophysical Journal . 935 (2): 162.
arXiv :
2207.13078 .
Bibcode :
2022ApJ...935..162K .
doi :
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ISSN
0004-637X .
^ Mehner, A.; de Wit, W.-J.; Asmus, D.; Morris, P. W.; Agliozzo, C.; Barlow, M. J.; Gull, T. R.; Hillier, D. J.; Weigelt, G. (October 2019). "Mid-infrared evolution of eta Car from 1968 to 2018". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 630 : L6.
arXiv :
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ISSN
0004-6361 .
S2CID
202149820 .
^
"Galaxy Properties" . January 6, 2024. Archived from
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^ Calculated: 1.5e+10 L_sol * 3.828e+26 W/L_sol = 5.7e+36 W
^ Deupree, Robert G.; Wallace, Richard K. (June 1, 1987).
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Bibcode :
1987ApJ...317..724D .
doi :
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ISSN
0004-637X .
^ Peak helium flash luminosity ≈ 100 billion times normal energy production.
^ Dong, Subo; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; Basu, U. (January 15, 2016).
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arXiv :
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Bibcode :
2016Sci...351..257D .
doi :
10.1126/science.aac9613 .
hdl :
10533/231850 .
ISSN
0036-8075 .
PMID
26816375 .
S2CID
31444274 .
^
"The Incomprehensible Power of a Supernova | RealClearScience" . www.realclearscience.com . Retrieved November 22, 2020 .
^ Calculated as: Solar luminosity × 10^(0.4 × (Sun absolute magnitude - 3C 273 absolute magnitude)) = 3.828e+26 × 10^(0.4 × (4.83 - (- 26.73))) = 3.828e+26 × 4.1e+12 = 1.57e+39 W.
^ Coppejans, D. L.; Margutti, R.; Terreran, G.; Nayana, A. J.; Coughlin, E. R.; Laskar, T.; Alexander, K. D.; Bietenholz, M.; Caprioli, D.; Chandra, P.; Drout, M. (2020).
"A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy" . The Astrophysical Journal . 895 (1): L23.
arXiv :
2003.10503 .
Bibcode :
2020ApJ...895L..23C .
doi :
10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7 .
S2CID
214623364 .
^ Riechers, Dominik A.; Walter, Fabian; Carilli, Christopher L.; Lewis, Geraint F. (2009). "Imaging the Molecular Gas in Az= 3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0."3 Resolution: a Central, Sub-kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in Apm 08279+5255". The Astrophysical Journal . 690 (1): 463–485.
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0809.0754 .
Bibcode :
2009ApJ...690..463R .
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/463 .
ISSN
0004-637X .
S2CID
13959993 .
^ Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Helene; Hoffman, Yehuda; Pomarède, Daniel (September 4, 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature . 513 (7516): 71–73.
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0028-0836 .
PMID
25186900 .
S2CID
205240232 .
^ Calculated. Estimated assuming Laniakea to be a sphere 160 Mpc in diameter, according to p.4 of cited paper:
Observable universe luminosity × (Laniakea Supercluster diameter / Observable universe diameter)^3 = 9.466e+48 W × (160 Mpc / 28.5 Gpc)^3 = 1.675e+42 ≈ 1.7e+42 W.
^ Guetta, Dafne; Piran, Tsvi; Waxman, Eli (2005). "The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts". The Astrophysical Journal . 619 (1): 412–419.
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Bibcode :
2005ApJ...619..412G .
doi :
10.1086/423125 .
ISSN
0004-637X .
S2CID
14741044 .
^ Frederiks, D. D.; Hurley, K.; Svinkin, D. S.; Pal'shin, V. D.; Mangano, V.; et al. (2013). "The Ultraluminous GRB 110918A". The Astrophysical Journal . 779 (2): 151.
arXiv :
1311.5734 .
Bibcode :
2013ApJ...779..151F .
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151 .
ISSN
0004-637X .
S2CID
118398826 .
^ Calculated:
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=hawking+radiation+calculate&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22P%22%7D%2C+%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D+-%3E%22planck+mass%22
^ Calculated. Assuming isotropicity in composition and identical age since Big Bang within cosmological horizon, expressed as:
Ordinary [baryonic] mass of observable universe / Ordinary mass of Milky Way × Luminosity of Milky Way.
L_total = 1.5e+53 kg / 4.6e+10 M_sol * 1.5e+10 L_sol = 9.466e+48 W ≈ 9.5e+48 W.
^
"GW150914: Factsheet" (PDF) . www.ligo.org . Archived from
the original (PDF) on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024 .