A
four-wheel drive vehicle is required for all but a few short stretches of this road, which is unmaintained. The old road from Fork of the Road eastward along the Mojave River is interrupted after 10.9 acres (4.4 ha) by private property, below the site of the old
Camp Cady (on the north bank of the
Mojave River, roughly 12 miles (19 km) northeast of
Newberry Springs, California). The road is resumed at an access point from the north in
Manix Wash. Under optimal conditions, its full length of 133 miles (214 km) from Beale's Crossing to Manix Wash can be travelled in 2 to 3 days.[1]
History
Mohave Trail
A traditional thoroughfare of desert-dwelling
Native Americans, the Mohave Trail ran between watering holes across the Mojave Desert between the Colorado River and Mojave River then following it to the
Cajon Pass, the gap between the
San Bernardino Mountains and
San Gabriel Mountains, into
Southern California ending at
Drum Barracks.[2] It ran westward between
springs across the Mojave Desert, from
Piute Spring to
Indian Well, to Rock Springs, then to
Marl Spring and
Soda Spring on the west side of
Soda Lake. From there the trail led to the mouth of the
Mojave River southwest of Soda Lake. It then followed the river up stream, finding
oases of water and vegetation where the river came to the surface at various places along its course. The watering holes recur at intervals of about 60 miles (97 km) to 70 miles (110 km).[3]
The Spanish
FranciscanmissionaryFrancisco Garcés traveled the trail with
Mohave guides, after leaving the
expedition of
Juan Bautista de Anza in 1776. José María de Zalvidea, the zealous Franciscan administrator of
Mission San Gabriel also crossed the trail in 1806, reportedly converting five indigenous Mohaves near present-day
Hesperia. The Mohave Trail later became the route of raiders, preying on the herds of the
California missions and
ranchos. Spanish (and later, Mexican) soldiers pursued the raiders along the route.[4]
In 1826,
Jedediah Smith led an expedition of the first US citizens to travel the Mojave Trail.
Old Spanish Trail
From 1829 to 1830, Mexican traders from
New Mexico established the routes that came to be called the
Old Spanish Trail trade route to California. The first of these,
Armijo's route, intercepted the Mohave's trail at the mouth of the Mojave River near
Soda Lake.
Subsequently, in 1830, the Mohave's trail became part of what became the
Main Route or Central Route of the Old Spanish Trail, linking up with it from the north 12 miles (19 km) west of the Colorado River in
Piute Valley and following it westward to the link up with Armijo's route at the Mojave River mouth, and later with a shortcut from
Salt Spring through
Bitter Spring and
Spanish Canyon at a point just east of
Yermo. This place was later called "
Fork of the Road" where the
Old Spanish Trail or from 1849, the Southern Route of the
California Trail or the
Mormon Road to
Salt Lake City, divided from what came to be the Mojave Road to the Colorado River. From 1849, the Mormon Road became heavily traveled winter road to California by
Forty-niners seeking to avoid the fate of the
Donner Party, and subsequent travelers, post riders and commercial wagon freighters.[5]
The land was ceded from Mexico to the US in 1848 following the
Mexican–American War. In early 1858 the Mohave Trail became the Mojave Road, a wagon road connected to the newly pioneered
Beale's Wagon Road across northern
New Mexico Territory from
Fort Defiance to
Beale's Crossing on the Colorado River where it linked up with the Mojave Road. This ran from the Colorado crossing to where it left the Mojave River, west of the vicinity of modern
Barstow. Wagon trains of settlers coming west on the
Santa Fe Trail soon followed Beale's Wagon Road and the Mojave Road into Southern California. Beale's road was shorter than the route via the more southern
Southern Emigrant Trail and it was cooler in summer, snow-free in winter, had better forage, and was better watered. Soon hostilities began between the Mohaves and the settlers, triggering the
Mohave War.
From the time of the Mohave War the Mohave Road came under the purview of the U.S. government. Army posts were established at
Fort Mojave, at Beale's Crossing in 1859, and, after the
Bitter Spring Expedition at
Camp Cady, 10.9 miles (17.5 km) east of
Fork of the Road at its junction with the
Mormon Road, in 1860. Smaller outposts were established later in the 1860s east of Camp Cady along the trail and regular patrols instituted. The army protected the settlers and travelers from the attacks of the resident
Paiute,
Mojave, and
Chemehuevi Native Americans until 1871. This also opened the way for large mining development in the Mojave Desert region of
San Bernardino County and agricultural development in the
Victor Valley area.
During the
Colorado River Gold Rush from 1862 it became one of the major roads to the gold and silver mining regions on the upper river and linked by the Hardyville - Prescott Road in 1864 to the mining regions in northern and central Arizona.
The route today
The eastern end of the Mojave Road begins at the edge of the
Colorado River, near the site of Beale's Crossing, north of
Needles and the western terminus lies beyond the
Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area and the Afton Canyon Natural Area near the Manix Wash.[7]
Beaver Lake – A
lake, sometimes a
slough of the Colorado River during spring floods. The original road passed the lake on the north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) – 3 miles (4.8 km) from the river crossing, in the 19th century. The
Mohave WarBattle of Beaver Lake was fought there just north of the lake. In the 20th century, cutoff from the spring floods of the river by the construction of dams above it, Beaver Lake dried up, becoming playa, desert or farmland. The modern trail cuts across the middle of this former water feature. 35°04′12″N114°38′24″W / 35.070010°N 114.639990°W / 35.070010; -114.639990 (Beaver Lake)
NO. 963 THE MOJAVE ROAD – Long ago, Mohave Indians used a network of pathways to cross the Mojave Desert. In 1826, American trapper Jedediah Smith used their paths and became the first non-Indian to reach the California coast overland from mid-America. The paths were worked into a military wagon road in 1859. This "Mojave Road" remained a major link between Los Angeles and points east until a railway crossed the desert in 1885.
Camp Cady also is a California Historical Landmark Marker #963-1 on the site reads:[10]
NO. 963-1 Camp Cady was located on the Mojave Road which connected Los Angeles to Albuquerque. Non-Indian travel on this and the nearby Salt Lake Road was beset by Paiutes, Mohaves, and Chemehuevis defending their homeland. To protect both roads, Camp Cady was established by U.S. Dragoons in 1860. The main building was a stout mud redoubt. Improved camp structures were built 1/2-mile west in 1868. After peace was achieved, the military withdrew in 1871. This protection provided by Camp Cady enabled travelers, merchandise, and mail using both roads to boost California's economy and growth.
^Casebier, DG (2010). "General Guidelines". Mojave Road Guide: an Adventure Through Time (4th ed.). Essex, California: Mojave Desert Heritage and Cultural Association. pp. 39–38.
ISBN978-0-914224-37-2.
^Robinson, WW (1962). The Story of San Bernardino County. San Bernardino: Title Insurance and Trust Company. p. 78.
^Harlan Hague, The Search for a Southern Overland Route to California, California Historical Quarterly, Summer 1976, (pp. 70-73)
^Edward Leo Lyman, Overland Journey from Utah to California: Wagon Travel from the City of Saints to the City of Angels, University of Nevada Press, 2008.
^Hafen, LeRoy R.; Armijo, Antonio (18 June 2019). "Armijo's Journal". Huntington Library Quarterly. 11 (1): 87–101.
doi:
10.2307/3816035.
JSTOR3816035.
Maps of the Mojave Road, Topo Maps of the GPS Track of the Mojave Road off-road trail, (map panels connect sequentially from east to west) from mojave-road.com.