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Minahasan
Ethnicity Minahasans
Geographic
distribution
North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Linguistic classification Austronesian
Glottolog mina1272

The Minahasan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Minahasa people in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. They belong to the Philippine subgroup.

Considerable lexical influence comes from Spanish, Portuguese, and Ternate, a historical legacy of the presence of foreign powers. [1] [2] The Minahasan languages are distinct from the Manado Malay (Minahasa Malay) language, which is Malayic in origin, and has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area. [3] [4]

Classification

The languages are Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu and Tonsea. [5]

The Minahasan languages are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup. [6]

The Bantik, Ratahan, and Ponosakan languages, although also spoken in the Minahasa region, are more distantly related, thus not covered by the term in a genealogical sense. [7] [8]

Reconstruction

Proto-Minahasan
Reconstruction ofMinahasan languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Minahasan (PMin) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1978). [9] The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1978:120–183) illustrates the correspondences between the Minahasan languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Minahasan innovations. [10]

Comparison table
Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn)
Tondano Tonsea Tombulu Tontemboan Tonsawang PMin PAn Meaning
təlu tədu təlu təlu təlu *təlu *təlu 'three'
oat oat ohat oʔat ohatᶿ *ohat *huRaC 'vein'
rui dui duhi duʔi duhi *duhi *duRi 'bone'
ədo əndo əndo əndo əndo *əndo *qaləjaw 'sun'
pate pate pate pate patᶿe *pate *paCay 'kill'
Minahasan innovations
Tondano Tonsea Tombulu Tontemboan Tonsawang PMin PAn Meaning
tələs tələs tələs tələs tələs *tələs (*bəli) 'buy'
edo endo endo indo indo *indo (*alaq) 'take'

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Watuseke, F. S. (1965), "Kata-kata Ternate dalam bahasa Melaju-Manado dan bahasa-bahasa Minahasa", Pembina Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian), IX: 107–110
  2. ^ Schouten, M. J. C. (1998), Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983, Leiden: KITLV Press, pp. 39–40
  3. ^ Watupongoh, Geraldine Y. J. Manoppo (1992), Struktur bahasa Tondano (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, p. 2
  4. ^ Henley, David (1996), Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies, Leiden: KITLV Press, p. 86
  5. ^ Sneddon (1978), p. 9.
  6. ^ Adelaar (2005), p. 16.
  7. ^ Watuseke, F. S. (1956), "Bahasa Tondano", Bahasa dan budaja (in Indonesian), 4/5: 3–14
  8. ^ Watuseke, F. S. (1977), "'Kolano' in the Tondano Language", Papers in Borneo and Western Austronesian linguistics No. 2 (PDF), Pacific Linguistics A-33, C. Court, R. A. Blust, F. S. Watuseke, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 123–132, doi: 10.15144/PL-A33, retrieved 2022-12-24
  9. ^ Sneddon (1978).
  10. ^ Sneddon (1989), p. 85.

Bibliography

External links