Military ruler of Myanmar since 2021
Min Aung Hlaing (
Burmese : မင်းအောင်လှိုင် ; pronounced
[mɪ́ɰ̃ àʊɰ̃ l̥àɪɰ̃] ; born 3 July 1956), often recognized by his initials M.A.L , is a Burmese army general who has ruled
Myanmar as
the chairman of the
State Administration Council (
SAC ) since seizing power in the
February 2021 coup d'état . He additionally appointed himself
Prime Minister of Myanmar in August 2021. He has led the
Tatmadaw (
armed forces of
Myanmar ), an independent branch of government, as the
Commander-in-chief of Defence Services since March 2011, when he was handpicked to succeed longtime military ruler
Senior General
Than Shwe , who transferred leadership over the country to a civilian government upon retiring.
[4]
[5]
[6] Before assuming leadership over the Tatmadaw, Min Aung Hlaing served as Joint Chief of Staff from 2010 to 2011.
Born in
Dawei (formerly
Tavoy ),
Minbu ,
Burma (now
Myanmar ), Min Aung Hlaing studied law at the
Rangoon Arts and Science University before joining the
military . Rising through its ranks, he became a
senior general (five-star general) by 2013.
[7] [
better source needed ] During the period of civilian rule from 2011 to 2021, Min Aung Hlaing worked to ensure the military's continued role in
politics and forestalled the
peace process with
ethnic armed groups . A United Nations fact-finding mission found he deliberately perpetrated the
Rohingya genocide . He maintained an adversarial relationship with democratically-elected
State Counsellor
Aung San Suu Kyi , though she defended him against genocide charges.
[8]
Min Aung Hlaing baselessly claimed widespread voting irregularities and electoral fraud in the
2020 Myanmar general election , in which
Aung San Suu Kyi 's
National League for Democracy (
NLD ) won a landslide re-election. He then seized power from her in the
2021 coup .
[9]
[10]
[11] He had been expected to run for
President of Myanmar had the military proxy party, the
Union Solidarity and Development Party (
USDP ), won enough seats in parliament to elect him, and would have been required to retire as
Commander-in-Chief due to a statutory
age limit .
[12] With the outbreak of
mass protests against his rule , Min Aung Hlaing ordered a clampdown and suppression of demonstrations,
[13] sparking an
ongoing civil war .
[14]
Min Aung Hlaing's
forces have employed
scorched earth tactics in the
civil war , including
airstrikes on civilians.
[15]
[16] He has ordered the
execution of prominent
pro-democracy activists, the first use of the
death penalty in decades.
[17]
[18] In February 2024, he activated Myanmar's
conscription law to draft 60,000 young people into the
Tatmadaw .
[19] In foreign policy, he has resisted influence from
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (
ASEAN ) and relied on greater
cooperation with
Russia ,
China , and
India .
[20]
[21] In response to his
human rights abuses and
corruption , Min Aung Hlaing and his
government have been subjected to an extensive series of
international sanctions , returning
Myanmar to its former status as a
pariah state . The 2022
Democracy Index rated
Myanmar under Min Aung Hlaing as the second-most
authoritarian regime in the world, with only
Afghanistan rated
less democratic .
[22]
Early life and education
Min Aung Hlaing was born on 3 July 1956 in
Tavoy (now
Dawei ),
Minbu ,
Magway Region ,
Burma (now
Myanmar ), to Khin Hlaing and Hla Mu, as the fourth of five children.
[23] His parents were teachers from
Dawei , in
Tanintharyi Region .
[24] His family moved to
Mandalay as duty when he was 5 years old. His father, Khin Hlaing, was an
artist .
[25]
Min Aung Hlaing passed his
matriculation exam in 1972 at
Basic Education High School No.1 Latha (
BEHS 1 Latha ) of
Rangoon (now
Yangon ).
[26]
[27] He attended and studied
law at the
Rangoon Arts and Science University from 1973 to 1974. On his third attempt, he was admitted to the
Defence Services Academy in 1974 as part of the 19th Intake, and he graduated in 1977.
[28]
[29] According to classmates, Min Aung Hlaing was taciturn, and an unremarkable cadet.
[30] He was reportedly shunned by classmates because of his reserved personality.
[26]
Career
Following graduation, Min Aung Hlaing went on to serve in different command positions, rising slowly through the ranks.
[30] Early in his career, military colleagues gave him a nickname referring to cat feces, "something deposited quietly but leaving a powerful stink."
[31] As he rose through the ranks, Min Aung Hlaing earned a reputation as a hardliner.
[26] His military work earned him the favour of Senior General
Than Shwe .
[32] Min Aung Hlaing is characterized as having a "big man" management style not conducive to collaboration or listening.
[32]
In 2002, he was promoted to commander of the
Triangle Regional Command [
my ] in eastern
Shan State and was a central figure in negotiations with two rebel groups, the
United Wa State Army (
UWSA ) and the
National Democratic Alliance Army (
NDAA ).
[26] Min Aung Hlaing was reportedly close with former Thai prime minister and a General
Prem Tinsulanonda , considering Prem a father figure.
[33]
[34]
Min Aung Hlaing supported the military crackdown of the
Saffron Revolution in 2008.
[26] He rose to prominence in 2009 after leading an offensive against the insurgent
Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army (
MNDAA ) in
Kokang .
[35] In June 2010, Min Aung Hlaing replaced General
Shwe Mann as Joint Chief of Staff of the
Army ,
Navy , and
Air Force .
[26]
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
2011–2015: Union Solidarity and Development Party rule
Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Indian Prime Minister
Narendra Modi in
New Delhi on July 29, 2015
In the lead-up to 2011, the military began embarking on a
series of political reforms to transition Myanmar to a quasi-democracy. The ruling junta, the
State Peace and Development Council (
SPDP ), engineered its formal departure from power, after holding the
2010 Myanmar general election , which was won by the
Union Solidarity and Development Party (
USDP ), the military's proxy party. On 30 March 2011, outgoing head of state, Senior General
Than Shwe , then the incumbent
Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar's Armed Forces , appointed Min Aung Hlaing as his successor, ahead of more senior officers.
[36]
[37] Min Aung Hlaing's appointment coincided with
USDP 's rise to power, during which he oversaw a series of military reforms, and supported efforts by the USDP-led government to strike
peace deals with
ethnic armed groups .
[36]
In November 2011, according to
The Irrawaddy News , it was "widely believed" that following Min Aung Hlaing's meetings with
Chinese military officials that month and his leadership in creating a bilateral agreement on defense cooperation with the Chinese, he had also held talks with Chinese vice-president
Xi Jinping regarding cooperation from
China with respect to the
Kachin Conflict .
[35]
On 27 March 2012, during a speech in
Naypyidaw , Min Aung Hlaing defended the
military 's continued role in
national politics .
[35]
[38] On 3 April 2012, the
Government of Myanmar announced that Min Aung Hlaing had been promoted to
vice-senior general (four-star general), the
second highest rank in
Myanmar's Armed Forces .
[35] He was promoted to the rank of
senior general (five-star general), the
highest rank in
Myanmar's Armed Forces in March 2013.
In 2014, as Min Aung Hlaing approached the age of 60, which is the mandatory age of
retirement for military officers, the Armed Forces' Department of Defence Council issued a directive, enabling Min Aung Hlaing to extend his
mandatory retirement age to 65, in 2021.
[39]
In August 2015, the
USDP fractured, and President
Thein Sein purged the faction led by
Shwe Mann , a former general and Speaker of the
Pyithu Hluttaw .
[36] Min Aung Hlaing oversaw a direct military intervention to oust Shwe Mann from power, indicating the military's desire to continue furthering its agenda through USDP.
[40] Shwe Mann had advocated for legislation and constitutional amendments that would have decreased the military's influence, against the interests of the military and USDP.
[40]
2016–2020: Transition to National League for Democracy rule
Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Philippine President
Rodrigo Duterte in
Nay Pyi Taw ,
Myanmar on March 20, 2017
The
2015 Myanmar general election saw the
National League for Democracy (
NLD ), led by
Aung San Suu Kyi , win in a landslide. With the transition from an USDP to NLD-led government, Min Aung Hlaing shifted his priorities to recovering state power for the military establishment.
[36] His intransigence and refusal to cooperate with the civilian-led government undermined progress toward
Myanmar's peace process .
[36] As the
NLD assumed power, Min Aung Hlaing began intensifying an ongoing
military crackdown on the
Rohingya , beginning in October 2016.
[41]
[42] At the
Union Peace Conference - 21st Century Panglong in August 2020, he sharply warned the
NLD against
scapegoating the
military for its role in the
ongoing ethnic conflicts .
[43]
Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Russian defense minister
Sergei Shoigu on January 20, 2018
Min Aung Hlaing also began to signal his interest in civilian politics.
[36] He began assuming a more statesman-like persona, and became increasingly assertive about the military's role.
[43]
[31] In the lead-up to the
2020 Myanmar general election , he worked with the
USDP to position himself as the next
President .
[43] Throughout 2019, Min Aung Hlaing made several
public appearances dubbed a "charm offensive," at several religious sites and charity functions,
[44] raising speculation about his political ambitions.
[45]
[39] To cultivate his public persona, he began two
Facebook pages that commanded a combined following of 4.1 million followers.
[46]
[47] In January 2020, Min Aung Hlaing met with
Chinese leader
Xi Jinping in
Nay Pyi Taw .
Xi Jinping promoted the practical cooperation under the framework of the
One Belt One Road to achieve results at an early date and benefit
Myanmar's people .
[48] In May 2020, Min Aung Hlaing reshuffled senior military ranks, promoting a new generation of officers loyal to him, including
Kyaw Swar Lin , who became the
military 's youngest
lieutenant-general .
[49]
War with the
Arakan Army intensified during this period, and the military was accused of targeting
Arakanese civilians and their properties. On 17 March 2019,
Kyaw Zaw Oo , an
Arakanese MP, published a bilingual open letter to Min Aung Hlaing about the many human rights violations of the
Tatmadaw in
Rakhine State that harmed the lives and property of civilians and damaged buildings of cultural heritage.
[50]
[51]
2020–present
In February 2020, Min Aung Hlaing, his wife
Kyu Kyu Hla and with his close astrologer
Vasipake Sayadaw placed the "
Hti " umbrella atop
Bagan 's most powerful ancient
Htilominlo Temple . The meaning of the
temple name is "need the royal umbrella, need the King". He was following in the footsteps of some of Myanmar's most powerful political figures including his predecessor, Senior General
Than Shwe . Many people believed that the ceremony was a
yadaya and seeking
divine blessings for his glory.
[52]
In November 2020, Min Aung Hlaing made a series of public comments questioning the legitimacy of the upcoming
2020 election , in potential violation of the Civil Services Personnel Law.
[53] On 5 November, the
Tatmadaw declared that Min Aung Hlaing's rank is equivalent to
Vice President of Myanmar .
[54] After casting his ballot in the
2020 election , Min Aung Hlaing vowed to accept the election results.
[55] The 2020 election saw
NLD win in a larger landslide than in 2015, forestalling Min Aung Hlaing's political ambitions. In response, the military began intensifying
allegations of
electoral fraud and irregularities, submitting
formal complaints to the
Union Election Commission (
UEC ). On 27 January 2021, Min Aung Hlaing publicly remarked that he would not rule out a
coup d'état and abolition of the
constitution , if allegations of
voter fraud during last year's election were not adequately addressed.
[56] These comments sparked concern about another potential
coup in the country.
[57] The following day, the
Union Election Commission issued a statement rejecting claims of
electoral fraud , citing the lack of evidence submitted to substantiate these claims.
[58] On 29 January, the military issued clarifying statements pledging to protect and abide by the constitution and applicable laws.
[59]
On 1 February 2021, Min Aung Hlaing
detained elected leaders including President
Win Myint , State Counsellor
Aung San Suu Kyi and declared himself as
Commander-in-chief of Myanmar , one day before democratically-elected members of parliament were scheduled to be sworn in as members of the
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (
Assembly of the Union ). The following day, he established the
State Administration Council (
SAC ) as the country's interim ruling body.
[60]
[61]
On 22 May 2021, Min Aung Hlaing gave his first
interview since the
coup to Hong Kong-based Chinese language
Phoenix Television . During the interview, he referred to
deposed leader
Aung San Suu Kyi and he said that she "is in good health. She is at her home and healthy. She is going to face trial at the court in a few days."
[62] On the same day,
Myanmar Now reported that shortly after the
coup , Min Aung Hlaing appointed himself indefinitely as the
commander-in-chief and therefore the
de facto leader of
Myanmar .
[63]
Six months after the
coup , on 1 August 2021, Min Aung Hlaing formed a
caretaker government and established himself as the country's
prime minister .
[64]
[65]
[66] He also remains the
Chairman of the State Administration Council (
SAC ).
[67]
[68]
[69]
On 13 April 2023, Min Aung Hlaing was featured on
TIME Magazine 's list of the '100 Most Influential People of 2023.'
[70] The acknowledgment highlighted his commanding presence during
Myanmar 's
Armed Forces Day parade on 27 March 2023, emphasizing his control over the nation since the
February 2021 coup d'état .
[71] While
controversies have arisen during his tenure, including a
criticisms of specific
campaigns and
allegations of involvement in humanitarian concerns, his recognition reflects his significant impact on the
nation .
[72]
Myanmar civil war
After four
pro-democracy
activists were
executed on 24 July 2022, the chairman of the
ASEAN ,
Hun Sen , UN representatives, and
Western leaders condemned the
executions .
[73]
[74]
On 7 September 2022, Min Aung Hlaing met with
Russian President
Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of an
economic
meeting in
Eastern Economic Forum (
EEF ), in
Vladivostok ,
eastern Russia, the first time that the pair have met since the
coup .
[75]
In January 2023, Min Aung Hlaing enacted a new
electoral law aimed at rigging the
next general election in favor of the military proxy party, the
Union Solidarity and Development party (
USDP ).
[76]
[77] He is himself considered a likely USDP nominee for
President of Myanmar in the subsequent presidential election.
[78]
Min Aung Hlaing refused to give up his
emergency powers when they were constitutionally set to expire on 1 February 2023, further delaying new elections.
[79]
[80]
In March 2023, Min Aung Hlaing made a rare public appearance at the
Armed Forces Day parade stating that his
government would continue to fight back against
resistance groups in the country and their "acts of terror". General Hlaing called his critics
supporters of
terrorism .
[81]
Starting in January 2024, multiple pro-military figures condemned Min Aung Hlaing for
incompetence and excessive
self-interest after the
Tatmadaw suffered an unprecedented string of defeats during
Operation 1027 .
[82] In February 2024, to address the
Tatmadaw 's personnel issues, Min Aung Hlaing activated Myanmar's 1959
conscription law for the first time, with plans to draft 60,000 young men and women.
[19]
[83] Men aged 18–35 and women aged 18–27 will be required to serve up to five years under the
state of emergency , or face
five years imprisonment .
[84]
In March 2024, Min Aung Hlaing claimed at the Armed Forces Day parade young people are being tricked into supporting the resistance against the military, and accused "some powerful nations" of trying to interfere with Myanmar’s internal affairs.
[85]
While attending the
Defence Services Academy during
Thingyan , the traditional
Myanmar New Year Water Festival , Min Aung Hlaing, the leader of the
military coup , found himself in the
crosshairs of danger. On 14 April 2024, at 9 PM, the
Mandalay People's Defence Force (
MDY PDF ) launched a
rocket
attack using
107mm rockets . The attack, which targeted
Pyin Oo Lwin Military University and
Military Technological University , was a brazen
attempt to
eliminate him. Over 20
rockets were fired, with 17 of them
exploding , narrowly missing their
target . This harrowing incident not only highlighted the grave
security
threats faced by
military personnel but also underscored the volatile and tense atmosphere prevailing in
Myanmar during that period, adding to the
ongoing turmoil and
instability in the country.
[86]
Corruption
Min Aung Hlaing has courted enduring controversy for his family's extensive business assets and potential
conflicts of interest .
[87] He is a major shareholder in the army-owned
Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (
MEHL ). During the 2010–11 fiscal year, he had owned 5,000 shares and received an annual dividend of $250,000 (~$341,079 in 2023).
[88] He sits on
MEHL 's Patron Group, which runs the conglomerate.
[89]
Min Aung Hlaing's son,
Aung Pyae Sone , owns a number of companies, including Sky One Construction Company and Aung Myint Mo Min Insurance Company.
[90] He also has a majority stake in
Mytel , a national
telecoms carrier .
[90] In 2013, his son
Aung Pyae Sone won a
no-bid government permit well below market rates, for a 30-year lease on land at the Yangon
People's Park for a
high-end
restaurant and
art gallery , following his father's promotion to
Commander-in-Chief .
[91]
Aung Pyae Sone also runs A&M Mahar , which offers
Food and Drug Administration (
FDA ) approvals and customs clearance services for
drugs and
medical devices .
[92] Myanmar's customs department is led by Kyaw Htin, a former
MEHL director.
[92]
His daughter
Khin Thiri Thet Mon founded a major film studio,
7th Sense Creation , in 2017.
[93] That same year, his daughter-in-law,
Myo Yadanar Htaik , founded another entertainment company, Stellar Seven Entertainment.
[93] The
American Embassy, Yangon came under media scrutiny in December 2020, for collaborating with 7th Sense Creation, because Min Aung Hlaing is technically subject to
US economic sanctions .
[94]
Rohingya genocide
Destroyed village in
Rakhine State , September 2017
Area that traditionally had
Rohingya speakers, currently most are in refugee camps in
Bangladesh
The
United Nations Human Rights Council (
UNHRC ) reported that Min Aung Hlaing's
soldiers have been deliberately targeting civilians in Northern states of Myanmar and have been committing
systemic discrimination and
human rights violations against
minority communities in
Rakhine State .
[95] In particular, he has been accused of
ethnic cleansing against the
Rohingya people .
[96] These
human rights violations could amount to
genocide ,
crimes against humanity , and
war crimes .
[97]
In 2018, the
United Nations
Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on
Myanmar , led by
Marzuki Darusman , determined that Min Aung Hlaing and other
Myanmar's military generals oversaw
atrocities against the
Rohingya in
Rakhine ,
Kachin and
Shan States , and did so with
genocidal intent .
[98] The UN investigative panel said that Min Aung Hlaing, along with four other commanders (
Soe Win , Aung Kyaw Zaw,
Maung Maung Soe , and Than Oo) should be tried for
war crimes and
crimes against humanity (including
genocide ) in the
International Criminal Court (
ICC ) or an
ad hoc international tribunal .
[98]
Facebook banned Min Aung Hlaing from its platform along with 19 other top Burmese
officials and
organisations to prevent further heated
ethnic and
religious tensions in
Myanmar . This action followed a UN investigation's report that certain military leaders in
Myanmar should be investigated and prosecuted for
genocide over a
crackdown on
Rohingya Muslims .
[99]
[100]
Twitter later banned him on 16 May 2019.
[101]
The United States has
imposed sanctions against Min Aung Hlaing. In July 2019, the
U.S. government banned him from travel to the
United States .
[102] In December 2020, it froze Min Aung Hlaing's American-based assets and criminalized financial transactions between him and anyone in the United States.
[102]
[103]
Sanctions
The
U.S. Department of the Treasury has imposed
sanctions on Min Aung Hlaing since 10 December 2019, pursuant to Executive Order 13818, which builds upon and implements the
Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act and targets
perpetrators of serious
human rights abuse and
corruption . He has committed
serious human rights abuse against members of
ethnic minority groups across
Myanmar . This
US sanctions include a
freezing of assets under the
US and a ban on transactions with any
US person .
[104]
About one year later, 11 February 2021 — following the
1 February 2021 coup led by Hlaing — he was also placed on the sanctions list of the
OFAC pursuant to Executive Order 14014, in response to the
Myanmar's military coup against the democratically elected
civilian government of
Myanmar .
[105] Shortly thereafter, 25 March 2021, OFAC also sanctioned some of the companies that Hlaing and/or his associates owned or controlled, including the
MEC
conglomerate headed by Hlaing.
[106]
The
Government of Canada has imposed sanctions on him since 18 February 2021, pursuant to Special Economic Measures Act and Special Economic Measures (Burma) Regulations, in response to the gravity of the
human rights and humanitarian situation in
Myanmar (formerly
Burma ). Canadian sanctions include a
freezing of assets under
Canada and a ban on transactions with any
Canadian person .
[107]
[108]
HM Treasury and the
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the
United Kingdom have imposed sanctions on him since 25 February 2021, for his responsibility for
serious human rights violations in
Myanmar . The
UK sanctions include a
freezing of assets under the
UK and
a ban on entry or transit to the UK.
[109]
Furthermore, the
Council of the European Union has imposed
sanctions on him since 22 March 2021, pursuant to Council Regulation (EU) 2021/479 and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/480 which amended Council Regulation (EU) No 401/2013, for his responsibility for the
military coup and the subsequent military and police repression against
peaceful demonstrators . The
EU sanctions include a
freezing of assets under
member countries of the EU and a ban on entry or transit to the countries.
[110]
[111]
Personal life
Min Aung Hlaing married
Kyu Kyu Hla , a retired
lecturer , in 1980.
[112]
[113] He has several children, including son
Aung Pyae Sone and daughter
Khin Thiri Thet Mon .
[93]
Promotions
Awards and decorations
Domestic honors
On 17 April 2022, Min Aung Hlaing gave himself
Myanmar 's two highest
titles ;
Thadoe Thiri Thudhamma (
The Most Glorious Order of Truth ) and
Thadoe Maha Thray Sithu (
the Order of the Union of Myanmar ).
[114]
[115]
On 7 October 2019, the
Young Men's Buddhist Association (
YMBA ) awarded him the title of Mingaladhamma Zawtika Dhaza and the permanent patron of
YMBA .
[116]
[117] On 9 December 2020,
YMBA awarded him the title of Thado Thiri Agga Maha Mingalar Zawtika .
[118]
Thai delegation with members of the
State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), including Min Aung Hlaing (third from the right),
Senior General
Than Shwe (first from the right),
Vice-Senior General
Maung Aye (second from the left),
Thura
Shwe Mann (to the left of the middle), and
Thein Sein (first from the left), at the Zeyathiri Beikman,
Naypyidaw on 11 October 2010.
Foreign honours
References
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Press Release - Congratulatory Message of His Excellency Senior General Min Aung Hlaing (Published on August 22, 2023)
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"တပ်မတော် ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီး မင်းအောင်လှိုင်နှင့် ရုရှားဖက်ဒရေးရှင်းနိုင်ငံ Politic မဂ္ဂဇင်းတို့၏ မေးမြန်းဖြေကြားမှုများကို Politic မဂ္ဂဇင်း၌ ထည့်သွင်းဖော်ပြ" . cincds.gov.mm (in Burmese). 7 August 2020.
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"ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် တပ်မတော်ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ်ရုံး အမိန့်အမှတ်(၉/၂၀၂၁) ၁၃၈၂ ခုနှစ်၊ ပြာသိုလပြည့်ကျော် ၆ ရက် ၂၀၂၁ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလ ၂ ရက်" . Tatmadaw Information Team (in Burmese).
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"တပ်ချုပ်သားပိုင်ကုမ္ပဏီများကို အရေးယူရန် ကုလအချက်အလက်ရှာဖွေရေးအဖွဲ့ တောင်းဆို" . Myanmar NOW (in Burmese).
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"တပ်မတော် ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ် ယာဘက် လက်သူကြွယ် ခွဲစိတ်မှုအောင်မြင်" . Lotaya (in Burmese).
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"တပ်ချုပ်ကို ဆုပေးသင့်ပေးထိုက်လို့ ဖော်ထုတ်ပြီးပေးတာပါလို့ YMBAအသင်းကရှင်း" . BBC News (in Burmese). 10 October 2019.
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"YMBA က ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီးမင်းအောင်လှိုင်ကို သတိုးသီရိ အဂ္ဂမဟာမင်္ဂလဇောတိကဓဇ ဘွဲ့ချီးမြှင့်" . DVB (in Burmese). 9 December 2020.
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