• Osman Gazi conquers the Byzantine castle of Kulaca Hisar.

  Ottoman Empire

• Kayi tribe transitions into Ottoman Empire. ^[8]
• Byzantium loses control over Bithynia ^[9] and allows gradual Ottoman expansion into Byzantine controlled Asia Minor

• Ottomans become the major power in Asia Minor ^[10]

• Ottomans conquer Bithynia from Byzantium ^[11]

• The fall of Nicomedia enabled Orhan to overrun Bithynia and extend Ottoman rule to the eastern shore of the Bosporus. Apart from Constantinople and some territory in Greece, mainly the Peloponnese, the Byzantines were left with an empire in name only.

• Ottoman ally John VI Kantakouzenos defeats regents, and is recognized as senior emperor

• John V Palaiologos becomes sole ruler, deposes the Ottoman allies Kantakouzenoi, while Ottomans score major victory over Serbians at Demotika

• Ottoman takeover of Gallipoli
• John VI Kantakouzenos overthrown as Eastern Roman Emperor
• Savoyard crusade
• Europe becomes open to Turkish expansion

• Heavy losses stall Ottoman advance on Bulgarian capital of Sofia, however Ottomans are able to inflict a crushing blow on Bulgarian.

• Adrianople becomes the New Capital of the Ottoman Empire

• Ottomans conquer Adrianople and make it new capital

• Battle of Nicopolis
• Siege of Golubac
• Battle of Hermannstadt
• Battle of Nish (1443)
• Battle of Zlatitsa
• Battle of Kunovica
• Battle of Varna
• Battle of Kosovo (1448)
• Battle of Kruševac
• Siege of Belgrade (1456)
• Siege of Jajce (1464)
• Battle of Zvornik (1464)
• Battle of Vaslui
• Battle of Breadfield
• Ottoman conquest of Otranto
• Battle of Krbava Field
• Siege of Belgrade (1521)
• Battle of Mohács

• Kingdom of Croatia
• Kingdom of Poland ^[12]
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania ^[13]
• Principality of Wallachia
• Principality of Moldavia

European allies:

•   Holy Roman Empire ^[14]
•   Papal States ^[15]
•   Crown of Aragon ^[16]
•   Kingdom of Naples ^[17]
•   Republic of Venice ^[18]
•   Republic of Genoa ^[19]
• Bulgarian Empire ^[20]
• Kingdom of France ^[21]
• Knights of Rhodes ^[22]
• Kingdom of Bosnia ^[23]
• Moravian Serbia
• Serbian Despotate
•   Duchy of Savoy ^[24]
• Kingdom of England ^[25]
• Teutonic Order ^[26]
• Byzantine Empire ^[27]
•   Crown of Castile ^[28]
•   Kingdom of Portugal ^[29]
•   Kingdom of Navarre ^[30]

• Start of Ottoman–Habsburg wars
• Destruction of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and its partition between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs

• Ottomans conquer parts of Macedonia and Thrace

• Byzantine Empire cedes Gallipoli to Ottomans ^[32] and essentially become Ottoman vassals

• Preljubović, leader of Epirus, appealed for help from the Ottomans and Frank's who provide the Epirotes with an auxiliary force.
• Thomas Preljubović uses his new auxiliary to good use by capturing many fortresses in the Despotate of Arta, but Albanians under Gjon Shpata, together with the Mazarakii tribe held their defensive positions and ultimately defeated Thomas once again.

• Zetan forces under Balša II capture the Princedom's capital, Durrës.
• In 1385 Zetan Forces are defeated by Thopia with help of Ottoman forces in the Battle of Savra.
• Thopia recaptures capital of Durrës and reestablished the Princedom of Albania.

• Tsardom of Vidin

• Ottomans conquer Bulgaria and the Second Bulgarian Empire falls in 1396 ^[33]

• Albanians under Gjon Zenebishi successfully capture the fortress of Gjirokastër.
• The Principality of Gjirokastër is declared.

• Since the Ottomans were victorious, most of the local Serbian and Albanian lords became vassals. ^[34] Immediately after this battle Thopia recaptured Durrës, ^[35] probably under the Ottoman suzerainty. ^[36] The Ottomans captured Krujë, Berat, and Ulcinj and soon retreated from them keeping only Kastoria under their permanent control. ^{[37] [38]}

• Bosnians and Serbs ally against Ottoman threat, culminating in Battle of Kosovo

 

Albanian principalities

• Heavy losses on both sides devastate less numerous Serbs, while Ottomans are able to bring troops from the east.
• Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar are killed and Bayezid I becomes new sultan. ^[49]
• Serbian lords eventually became vassals of the Ottomans. ^[50]

• Albanian and Aromanian forces are defeated in four battles against Epirote, Thessalian and Ottoman forces around Jannina.
• Albanian forces withdraw into the surrounding mountains

• In 1390, Sultan Bayezid summoned the co-emperors of Byzantium, John VII and Manuel II and ordered them to accompany the besieging Turkish force to Philadelphia. The co-emperors submitted to the degradation, and Philadelphia surrendered when it saw the imperial banner hoisted among the horse-tails of the Turkish pashas above the camp of the besiegers. The humiliation of the empire could go no further than when the heir of Justinian and Basil Bulgaroktonos took the field at the behest of a Turkish Emir, in order to extinguish the last relics of freedom in his own country.

• Ottomans retreat due to Hungarian invasion by Sigismund of Luxembourg.

 

•   Moravian Serbia

• Ottoman advance in Wallachia halted till Crusade of Nicopolis

• Bayezid I is forced to march to Ankara to meet Timurid Amir Timur ^[58]

 

•   Moravian Serbia ^[59]

• Bohemian Crown
• Duchy of Savoy
• Swiss Confederacy

  Kingdom of France

• Duchy of Burgundy

Kingdom of Hungary

• Voivodship of Transylvania
• Kingdom of Croatia

Principality of Wallachia ^[60]
Knights Hospitaller
  Republic of Venice
  Republic of Genoa
Second Bulgarian Empire ^[61]
Kingdom of Poland
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
  Teutonic Knights
Byzantine Empire

• Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s
• Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe
• Collapse of Second Bulgarian Empire

• Sack of Sebaste
• Siege of Ankara
• Battle of Ankara

 

• Anatolian beyliks

Black Tatars

Albanian principalities

  Moravian Serbia

District of Branković

  Wallachia

Co-belligerant:

  Mamluks ^[62]

Kingdom of Georgia ^[63]

Knights Hospitaller ^[64]

 

• Anatolian beyliks

Aq Qoyunlu

Germiyanids

• Anatolian Beyliks got independence.
• Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman Empire without a sultan
• Ottoman Interregnum begins
• Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
• Timurid conquests and invasions ends.

Süleyman Çelebi
Byzantine Empire

Musa Çelebi
Wallachia

• Mehmed Çelebi becomes Mehmed I
• Ottoman Empire is re-united

• The two sides clashed on 21 November 1402, at Tripolje, near the Gračanica Monastery. ^[a] The date of the battle coincided with the Presentation of Mary. ^[65] Lazarević divided his army into two groups. Constantine of Kostenets, Lazarević's biographer (ca. 1431), wrote that the army was divided between the two brothers, in case one fell the other would be saved and stay a "good shepherd of the flock". ^[66] Lazarević assigned the larger group to his brother Vuk, while he took the smaller group. ^[65] It is unknown whether the army that Balšić contributed as security was present at the battle. ^[67] Branković enjoyed significant Ottoman support. ^[65]

• Ottomans crush the Bulgarian revolt

• Mehmet Celebi lifts the siege

• Principality of Gjirokastër

• Ottomans conquer the territory of the Principality.
• Ruler of the Principality, Gjon Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.

• Pietro Loredan crushes the Ottoman fleet to ensure Venetian superiority in the Aegean for the next few decades

• Sheikh Bedreddin's revolt is suppressed and he and his followers are executed

• Principality of Gjirokastër

• Ottomans successfully besiege Gjirokastër and reconquer the territory of the Principality.
• Ruler of the Principality, Depë Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.

• Murad II forced to suppress the revolt of his younger brother, Küçük Mustafa

 

Republic of Venice

• Ottomans capture Thessalonica

• Ottomans conquer Anatolia

Transylvania
Kingdom of Bosnia
  Grand Duchy of Lithuania

• The Kingdom of Hungary recognized the Ottoman annexation of Alacahisar and Güvercinlik and their rule over the Serbian Despotate and the Wallachian Voivodeship

• Serbia becomes vassal state of the Ottoman Empire
• Ottomans invade Bosnia

• Suppression of Revolt. Restoration of Ottoman Rule in Albania

• Battle of Torvioll
• Battle of Mokra (1445)
• Battle of Otonetë
• Siege of Svetigrad
• Battle of Oranik (1448)
• Siege of Krujë (1450)
• Battle of Polog
• Siege of Berat (1455)
• Battle of Oranik (1456)
• Battle of Albulena
• Battle of Mokra (July 1462)
• Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign
• Battle of Ohrid
• Battle of Vaikal
• Ballaban's campaign of 1465
• Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)
• Siege of Krujë (1467)
• Siege of Shkodra (1474)
• Siege of Krujë (1478)
• Siege of Shkodra

1444–46:
League of Lezhë

1446–50:
League of Lezhë
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• State of Arianiti

1450–51:
Albanians under Skanderbeg
Muzaka Lordship

Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• State of Arianiti

1451–54:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• State of Arianiti
• Muzaka Lordship

1454–56:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini

Muzaka Lordship

1456–68:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini
• Muzaka Lordship

Republic of Venice

• State of Arianiti

1468–78:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini

1478–79:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Dukagjini

Republic of Venice

• State of Arianiti
• Albanian resistance forces

Lordship of Zeta ( Siege of Shkodra only)

Initial Albanian victory

• The Ottomans are defeated in numerous battles by the Albanians, mostly under Skanderbeg
• Albanian resistance weakens following the death of Skanderbeg in 1468

Eventual Ottoman victory

• Resistance weakens after Skanderbeg's death
• Shkodër falls in 1479

• During the siege of Novo Brdo its population suffered heavy casualties. ^[69] On 27 June 1441 ^[A] Novo Brdo surrendered to the Ottoman forces, who then robbed and burned the captured town. ^{[70] [71]}

• Ottomans halt European attempt to check their rapid expansion

 

Republic of Venice

• The League of Lezhë gains all lands on the Albanian side of the Drin River

• Defeat of the European Crusaders
• Balkans slowly fall to the Ottomans
• Mehmed II free to siege Constantinople

• Constantinople is conquered by the Ottomans and becomes new Ottoman capital
• Morea and Trebizond continue as Byzantine rump states, until their conquest in 1460 and 1461 respectively
• Ottoman Empire proclaimed successor to the Roman Empire
• Beginning of the Classical Age (1453–1566)

• Skobaljić on November 16, 1454, defeating his army at Tripolje (near Novo Brdo), where Voivode Nikola and his men fought to the last man, inflicting disproportionately large casualties on the Ottoman force. ^[72]

• Nikola Skobaljić continued his forays against the Ottomans, operating between Leskovac and Priština, and won several major victories against the armies of the sultan.

• Mehmed directed his forces towards Southern Serbia in 1455. He captured the Trepça, Novo Brdo and silver mines. ^[73]

• The notables of the city were executed; 320 young men were recruited into the Janissaries and 700 Serbian women were enlisted into the army. The roof of St. Nicholas Church, popularly known as the Saxon church, was removed along with its bells. In 1467, the rest of the people were taken to Istanbul. The Ottoman colony established in the conquered city could not prevent its cultural and economic decline. Novo Brdo, which became noteworthy as the eventual site of an Ottoman mint, maintained its importance until the reign of Murad IV

• Berat falls to the Ottomans

• John Hunyadi repels the Ottomans
• Mehmed II's advance into Central Europe halted

• The fall of Smederevo led to the surrender of all the small forts in northern Serbia. By the end of 1459, all of Serbia was under Mehmed's control, with some 200,000 Serbian captives, thus beginning more than 400 years of Ottoman rule.

• Annexation of Amasra by the Ottoman Empire

• Ottomans conquer Empire of Trebizond

• Failure of Wallachian attempt to assassinate Mehmed II
• Vlad III impales over 20,000 Turks ^{[75] [76]}

• Ottomans conquer the island of Lesbos

• Ottomans conquer the Morea, Negroponte and Albania from Venetians ^[77]

• Collapse of the Kingdom of Bosnia

• Aq Qoyunlu power nearly wiped out in the East, paving way for Shah Ismail I of the Safavids to take over Persia

• Mehmet II fails to follow up his victory at Valea Albă with a successful siege of Neamț Citadel
• Mehmet's son Bayezid continues the war with the Moldavians in 1484

• The process that started with the conquest of the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea continued with Crimea on the opposite shore, and during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror, the Black Sea became a Turkish lake.

• Ottoman raids into Hungary halted

• Ottomans fail to conquer Rhodes

• Ottomans conquer Otranto and gain foothold in Southern Italy
• Ottoman garrison surrender the city after 13 months

• Albanian forces under Nicholas Pal Dukagjini and Lekë Dukagjini land on the north Albanian coastline in early Summer 1481, sparking rebellion in former Dukagjini territories. Lezhë and Shkodër are attacked, forcing Ottomans to send reinforcements.
• Meanwhile, Gjon Kastrioti II lands in Durrës, gathering support from 7,000 Albanian infantrymen, and his cousin Konstandin Muzaka lands in the coastal region around Himara. Rebellion breaks out in Central and Southern Albania.
• Forces under Gjon Kastrioti defeat a force of 2,000 to 3,000 Ottomans in August 1481 and capture Himara and Borsh Castle.
• Rebellion in Northern, Central and Southern Albania prevents Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Italy, resulting in Otranto being recaptured by Christian forces in September 1481.
• The rebellions are eventually crushed, and Gjon Kastrioti retreats to Italy in 1484.

• Ottomans conquer Chilia and Akkerman

• Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted

• Polish King Aleksander Jagiellonczyk forced to sign truce with ottomans

Vladislaus

John Albert

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

• Near elimination of Croatian Nobility at Krbava Field
• Eventual Ottoman expansion into Croatia

• Battle of Una
• Battle of Vrpile
• Battle of Krbava Field
• Battle of Dubica
• Battle of Jajce (1518)
• Siege of Knin
• Battle of Mohács
• Siege of Güns
• Siege of Klis
• Katzianer's Campaign
• Battle of Hrastovica (1561)
• Battle of Obreška
• Siege of Krupa
• Siege of Szigetvár
• Siege of Gvozdansko
• Battle of Slunj
• Siege of Bihać (1592)
• Battle of Brest (1592)
• Battle of Sisak

From 1527:
  Habsburg Monarchy

• Kingdom of Croatia
• Kingdom of Hungary
• Duchy of Carniola
• Serbian Despotate

• Ottoman Empire conquered areas of Kingdom of Croatia between Vrbas river and Kupa river. Their advance was conclusively halted in 1593 in Third Battle of Sisak. The remaining land remained under the control of Kingdom of Croatia.
• Kingdom of Croatia reduced to "Remnants of the remnants"
• Croatia joins Habsburg Monarchy
• Formation of Military Frontier
• Start of the Long Turkish War

• Venetian strongholds of Modon and Coron fall to the Ottomans
• Cephalonia and Ithaca are taken by Venice

• Battle of Cannanore
• Battle of Diu
• Portuguese conquest of Goa
• Siege of Jeddah

Indian states:

• Gujarat Sultanate
• Bijapur Sultanate
• Calicut kingdom
• Kannur

Supported by:

  Republic of Venice

  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:
Safavid Empire

• Portuguese Indian Armadas got the dominance of the Indian Ocean trade in detritment of Muslims and Arabs
• Establishment of Portuguese India

• After the battle of 1505, Shah Ismail sent an envoy to Bayezid II complaining about Selim's over-aggressive raids and demanding the return of his captured soldiers' weapons. ^[83] Bayezid did not return the weapons but he did send the envoy back with gifts and promises of friendship. ^[83] Selim fought against the Safavids again in 1507 and in 1510, both times defeating the Safavid forces. ^{[84] [85]}

• Bayezid II did not retaliate to this raid, however Selim I, then the governor of Trabzon, led an attack against Erzincan and defeated a Safavid army that was sent against him by Shah Ismail. ^{[85] [86]}

  Ottoman Empire ^{[87] [88]}

• Portuguese retake Pate, Mombasa and Kilwa from Somali/Ottoman forces. ^{[89] [90]}

• Imereti and Guria subjugated by the Ottomans ^{[91] [92] [93]}

• Battle of Diu (1509)
• Siege of Diu (1531)
• Siege of Diu (1538)

Supported by:

•   Mamluks
• Kingdom of Calicut
• Ottoman Empire

 

• Portuguese India

• Establishment of Portuguese Diu. Ottomans and Gujarati fail to relieve Diu and Portugal keeps control of the port
• Treaty of Bassein (1534)
• Establishment of Portuguese Bassein
• Establishment of Portuguese Daman

Şahkulu

• Safavid Empire

• Şehzade Selim becomes Selim I
• Şehzade Ahmet puts down Şahkulu's rebellion
• Selim executes Ahmet and relations between Ottomans and Safavids worsen

• In 1510 Shah Ismail sent a military contingent against the same place that Selim had successfully defended in 1505 Shah Ismail's brother advanced through Ottoman territory and marched against Trabzon but he was defeated by Selim.

• Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids ^[97]
• Ottomans briefly occupy and plunder the Safavid capital, Tabriz ^{[98] [99]}
• Kurdish chiefs assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans. ^[100]
• Safavids adopt tactics similar to Ottomans ^{[101] [102]}

• Sultan Selim assigned Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha with the task of conquering Bayburt. ^[103] Bıyıkli Mehmed Pasha conquered Bayburt which was defended by a Qizilbash Safavid chief, Kara Maksud. ^{[104] [105]} The attitude of Mehmet Pasha cause some of the guards around Kiği to be afraid, this area was also captured. ^[103]

• The siege ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. The fortress was captured by Selim I on 19 May in 1515. ^[106] With this victory, Ottomans created their safe border against the Safavids.

• After this battle Tunceli and it's around conquered by the Ottomans. After these occupation, Ottoman army led by the Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, prepared for the next battles against Safavids Battle of Koçhisar

• Algiers expedition (1516)
• Algiers expedition (1519)
• Capture of Peñón of Algiers
• Battle of Formentera
• Siege of Coron
• Conquest of Tunis (1534)
• Conquest of Tunis (1535)
• Sack of Mahón
• Siege of Castelnuovo
• Battle of Preveza
• Battle of Girolata
• Algiers expedition
• Siege of Tripoli (1551)
• Capture of Béjaïa (1555)
• Siege of Oran (1556)
• Raid of the Balearic islands (1558)
• Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)
• Battle of Djerba
• Great Siege of Malta
• Capture of Tunis (1569)
• Battle of Lepanto
• Conquest of Tunis (1574)

•   Spanish Empire
• Kingdom of Naples
• Kingdom of Sicily
•   Duchy of Burgundy
    Duchy of Savoy
• Malta
•   Republic of Genoa
•   Papal States
• Republic of Florence
• Hafsid Kingdom

• Algeria, Tunisia and Libya became Ottoman territory

• After the battle, Beylik of Dulkadir ceased to exist. It was converted to an Ottoman sanjak, (Ottoman administrative unit). The first governor of the sanjak became Ali Bey of the Dulkadir. Hadim Sinan Pasha was promoted to be the grand vizier. The next year, Selim I waged a war against Egypt, and Egypt as well as Syria and Palestine came under the Ottoman rule.

• Ottomans take over the entire Mamluk Sultanate, including Cairo, Mecca, Aleppo and Damascus
• Ottoman Sultans become Caliphs of the Islamic world and the most powerful Muslim leader ^{[107] [108]}

• In March 1516 under the command of Deli Husrev Pasha the Ottomans laid siege to Harput. ^[109] The siege lasted for three days until Harput was conquered on 26 March. ^{[110] [111]}

• Ottoman armies annex Southeastern Anatolia, Northeastern Syria and North Iraq

• Ottomans capture Mosul

• End of Portuguese blockade in Red Sea
• Jeddah, the remaining stronghold of the Mamluk sultanate, is captured by Selim I

• Ottoman Corsair Oruç Reis in control of territory size of 1916 French Algeria ^[112]

• The rebellions were suppressed bloodily

• Battle of Perlis River
• Ottoman embassy to Aceh
• Siege of Malacca (1568)
• Battle of Duyon River

• Ottoman Empire
• Sultanate of Kalinyamat
• Sultanate of Golkonda
• Dutch East India Company

 

• Portuguese India
• Portuguese Malacca

Supported by:

• Kingdom of Aru
• Sultanate of Johor
• Sultanate of Kedah
• Sultanate of Pasai ^[113]
• Sultanate of Pedir ^[114]
• Sultanate of Perak
• Sultanate of Perlis

• Suleiman I conquers the Hungarian stronghold of Belgrade, exposing the weakness of the Hungarian Nobility, something he would exploit at Mohács

• In 1520 Suleiman the Magnificent ascended to the throne. The Ottomans under the leadership of Ahmed Pasha conquered the fortress of Šabac on 7 July in 1521. In the conquest. All of its defenders were killed. After its conquest Suleiman said that it was one of the cities he had conquered and that it must be improved. He ordered towers to be built around the fortress and a moat around it filled with water from Sava. Suleiman spent 10 full days on the Sava at Šabac overseeing the construction of the pontoon bridge.

• Ottoman Empire annexes Rhodes
• Knights move initially to Sicily, but then to Malta, ^[115] Gozo, and Tripoli
• Ottoman supremacy over trade in the Eastern Mediterranean is secured

• In 1523 under the orders of Kanuni, Captain Selman Reis went on an expedition in the Red Sea. During this expedition Selman Reis discovered that the Kamaran Island was occupied by the Portuguese,The Portuguese used their base to raid the coast of Arabia, Salman Reis and Husayn al Rumi had an Ottoman force composed of 4,000 men. After their arrival in Yemen, the Ottomans attacked the Portuguese which resulted in the complete destruction and expulsion of Portuguese forces and the occupation of the island by the Ottomans.

 

• Crimean Khanate

Kingdom of Croatia
Crown of Bohemia
  Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bavaria
  Papal States

• End of Ottoman–Hungarian wars
• Start of Ottoman–Habsburg wars
• Collapse and partition of Medieval Hungary and Hungary never regained its former political power ^[116]
• End of Middle Ages in Central Europe ^[117]

In Hungary and Balkans

• Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
• Balkan campaign of 1529
• Little War in Hungary
• Siege of Vienna
• Siege of Szigetvár
• Long Turkish War
• Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)
• Great Turkish War
• Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
• Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
• Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)

In Mediterranean

• Battle of Formentera
• Siege of Coron
• Conquest of Tunis (1535)
• Sack of Mahón
• Siege of Castelnuovo
• Battle of Girolata
• Battle of Alboran
• Algiers expedition
• Capture of Mahdia
• Siege of Oran
• Ottoman raid of the Balearic islands
• Battle of Djerba
• Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir
• Great Siege of Malta
• Battle of Lepanto
• Conquest of Tunis (1574)
• Battle of Cape Corvo
• Battle of Cape Celidonia

 

Vassals:

• Moldavia
• Transylvania
•   Wallachia
• Cossack Hetmanate ( Doroshenko's faction)
• Crimean Khanate

  Holy Roman Empire

• Archduchy of Austria
• Kingdom of Bohemia
• Republic of Genoa

Kingdom of Hungary

• Kingdom of Croatia

  Spanish Empire
Non-Habsburg allies:
Moldavia
Transylvania
  Wallachia
Tsardom of Russia
Cossack Hetmanate (Muscovite and Polish vassals)
Holy League Allies:
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Duchy of Mantua
  Republic of Venice
Order of Saint John

End of Ottoman expansion

• Decline of both the Ottoman and Habsburg empires
• Prolonged military conflict contributed to decline of both Ottomans and Habsburgs which caused significant shift in the balance of power from both of these empires to the emerging France, Britain and Russia

• Austria occupies Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, Buda, and Székesfehérvár while Suleiman takes no action immediately despite his vassals' pleas

• Ottomans re-occupy Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, and Buda, reversing all of Ferdinand I's gains in his invasion of Hungary the previous year

  Ottoman Empire

 

Portuguese Empire (1541–43)

• Withdrawal of the few remaining Adal-Ottoman troops from the Ethiopian Highlands after the death of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

 

•   Moldavia

 

•   Kingdom of Bohemia
• Electorate of the Palatinate

  Spanish Empire
Kabyle soldiers

• Suleiman fails to conquer Vienna
• Ferdinand unable to counter-attack after Suleiman lays waste to Styria and Habsburg Hungary

 

  Moldavia
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
  Wallachia
Supported by:
  France

 

• Habsburg Austria
• Kingdom of Bohemia

Royal Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
  Spain
  Papal States

• Hungary divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Ottoman vassal state of Transylvania

• Khoja Zufar prevented the Portuguese from entering al-Shihr, he defeated and drove out the Portuguese forces. ^{[118] [119]}

• Ottomans gain large parts of Mesopotamia, Western Kurdistan, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia ^[120]
• Persians retain Tabriz, Eastern Georgia, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Kurdistan, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan ^[121] and the rest of their north-western borders as they were prior to the war
• Erzurum, Van, and Shahrizor become buffer zones ^[122]
• Kars is declared a neutral zone ^[123]

• Although the Ottoman army reached Sultaniye under difficult conditions, they could not find any trace of the Shah. From here, the Ottoman army headed towards Baghdad, struggling with the difficult terrain and climatic conditions. Baghdad was easily captured by the Ottoman forces on November 28, 1534, after the Safavid forces under the command of Tekelü Mehmed Khan, who were defending Baghdad, fled the city.

• Tunis captured by Barbarossa

 

•   Republic of Genoa
• County of Flanders

Habsburg Spain

•   Kingdom of Naples
• Kingdom of Sicily

Hafsid dynasty
Kingdom of Portugal
  Papal States
  Knights of Malta

• Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary. ^{[124] [125]}

 

Regency of Algiers
  Kingdom of France

• Franco-Ottoman alliance strengthened and Charles V forced to negotiate peace to avoid two-front war
• Spain strengthens control over Italy
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V loses to Ottomans at Preveza

• Ottomans take Klis

 

  France

 

 

•   Kingdom of Naples
• Kingdom of Sicily

  Republic of Genoa
  Papal States
Knights of Malta

• Venice loses most foreign possessions and can no longer take on the Ottoman navy

• Siege of Diu (1538)
• Battle of Suakin (1541)
• Attack on Jeddah (1541)
• Battle of El Tor
• Battle of Suez (1541)
• Ethiopian–Adal War
• Capture of Aden (1548)
• Siege of Qatif (1551)
• Ottoman campaign against Hormuz
• Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)
• Battle of the Gulf of Oman
• Red Sea Campaign (1556)
• Ottoman expeditions to Indian Ocean

 

• Ottoman Egypt
• Ottoman Arabia

Gujarat Sultanate

Adal Sultanate

 

• Portuguese India
• Kingdom of Hormuz

Ethiopian Empire

• Portugal maintains control of the Persian Gulf
• Ottomans expand their influence in the Red Sea, annexing Yemen and the west bank of the Red Sea (coastal strip of Sudan and Eritrea)

 

Regency of Algiers
  France

• Swiss mercenaries
  Jülich-Cleves-Berg

 

•   Saxony
• Brandenburg

Spain
  Kingdom of England

• No territorial changes for Ottomans
• Barbarossa increases Ottoman control over the Mediterranean with the Sack of Nice

• Principality of Guria

• The victory at Sokhoista gave to the Ottomans the upper hand in southwestern Caucasus and allowed them to overrun Samtskhe, where they installed their protégé, atabek Kaikhosro III. Tortum, İspir, and Pasin were detached from Samtskhe and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.

• Ottomans conquer Adjara

• Capture of Mahdia
• Siege of Tripoli
• Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)
• Capture of Béjaïa
• Raid of the Balearic islands
• Expedition to Mostaganem
• Battle of Djerba
• Part of German-Ottoman war 1550–1562, Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 and Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

 

• Regency of Algiers
• Regency of Tunis

 

Saadi Sultanate

• Béjaïa under Ottoman rule.
• Ottomans capture Tripoli.
• Mahdia was abandoned by Spain.
• Ottomans temporarily occupy parts of the Balearics.
• Ottoman supremacy on Mediterranean sea seizured until Battle of Lepanto.

• Ottomans conquer Tripoli

• Gozo population decimated and majority of islanders forced into slavery

 

  Kingdom of France
Swiss mercenaries
Republic of Siena
  Papal States

 

• Spanish Empire
• Duchy of Mantua
• Republic of Florence
•   Duchy of Savoy

  Kingdom of England

• Spanish-Imperial victory
• Ottoman victory in the Mediterranean
• Dragut's numerous victories against Genoese and Habsburgian fleets gives it near dominance in the Mediterranean
• France occupies Calais from English ^[126]
• France cedes Corsica to Genoa after Dragut conquered it for the Franco-Ottoman alliance ^[126]

  Hungary
  Spain
  Bohemia
  Holy Roman Empire

• Ottomans conquer Temesvár but fail to take Eger

 

Medri Bahri

Adal Sultanate

• Establishment of Habesh Eyalet.

• Capture of Fez (1554)
• Capture of Fez (1576)

 

• Regency of Algiers

Kingdom of Kuku

Principality of Debdou

Wattasid Sultanate (1554)

Abd al-Malik Forces (1576)

• Ottoman Algerian forces conquer Fez and then Marrakesh. Installing vassal rulers on Morocco.

 

• Regency of Algiers

Kingdom of Beni Abbas

• Moroccan failure to conquer Algeria.

• Siege of Bahrain
• Battle of Kamaran Island (1560)

 

• Ottoman Arabia

Ajuran Sultanate

 

• Portuguese India
• Kingdom of Hormuz

• Portuguese tactical victory

 

  Spanish Empire
  Papal States
  Duchy of Savoy
Order of Saint John

• Dragut ensures Ottoman naval superiority ^{[a] [127]}

Supported by:

• Sultanate of Ternate
• Bruneian empire
•   Ottoman Empire

• Captaincy General of the Philippines

• Christian Victory
• Dragut dies in action leading to conflict between remaining Ottoman generals
• Myth of Ottoman Invincibility in Europe destroyed

 

• Eastern Hungarian Kingdom

• Kingdom of Hungary
  Kingdom of Croatia

• Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent before the final assault.
• The whole Hungarian-Croatian army (2300–3000) is killed, Miklós IV Zrínyi is killed in the final battle.
• Miklós IV Zrínyi ordered a fuse be lit to the powder magazine. After cutting down the last of the defenders the Ottoman Army entered the remains of Szigetvár and fell into the trap. 3,000 Turks perished in the explosion. ^{[132] [133] [134] [135]}
• 20,000–30,000 Ottomans were killed.
• Ottomans captured Szigetvár fortress and it became part of Budin Eyalet

• Muslim resistance

  ---

•   British supporters
• Bruneian and Ottoman supporters
• Japanese and Chinese supporters

 

• New Spain
• Filipino loyalists

• Most revolts failed

• Ottomans capture Chyhyryn
• Treaty of Constantinople 1570

• The Russians defeat the Crimean Tatars at the Battle of Molodi in 1572

• Cyprus under Ottoman rule

•   Republic of Venice
• Spanish Empire (with Naples and Sicily)
•   Republic of Genoa
•   Papal States
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
•   Duchy of Savoy
• Duchy of Urbino
• Order of Saint John

• Ottomans capture Tunis

• Beylerbeylik of Algiers

• Abd al-Malik Forces

• Ottoman force conquers Fez and then Marrakesh
• Abd al-Malek assumes rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal

 

• Captaincy General of the Philippines
• Pro-Spanish Bruneians

• The Burning and destruction of the Bruneian Mosque of Kota Batu and the Spanish retreating to Manila
• Sultan Saiful Rijal 's reconstruction of the Capital of the Sultanate
• Brunei ceasing to be an empire at sea
• Spanish-Bruneian relations improved

• Death of Abd al-Malik, Abdallah Mohammed and Sebastian of Portugal

• Ottomans gain the Safavid provinces of Georgia, the Erivan Province, Daghestan, Shirvan, Karabakh, Lorestan, Khuzestan, and most of Azerbaijan
• Treaty of Constantinople (1590)

Adal Sultanate

supported by:

• Mogadishu
• Barawa
• Lamu
• Pate
• Faza
• Mombasa
• Pemba

supported by:

• Malindi
• Zimbas

• Portuguese control in the South East African coast restored and Mir Ali Bey captured

• Khanate of Crimea

 

• Habsburg Monarchy
•   Saxony
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• Duchy of Ferrara
• Duchy of Mantua
•   Duchy of Savoy
• Knights of St. Stephen
• Kingdom of Hungary ^[136]
• Kingdom of Croatia ^[136]
• Duchy of Carniola

Principality of Transylvania

  Wallachia

  Moldavia

  France

  Spain

• Spanish Netherlands
• Spanish Italy
  • Kingdom of Sicily
  • Kingdom of Naples

Zaporozhian Cossacks

Serbian hajduks

Papal States

• Peace of Zsitvatorok

• Rebellion suppressed by the Ottoman Empire

• Rebellion Suppressed

• King Simon, was taken captive.

• Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)
• Safavids regain control over the territories ceded in 1590 to the Ottomans; Azerbaijan, Georgia, Erivan Province, Daghestan, Shirvan, Karabakh, Lorestan, and Khuzestan

• Treaty of Serav (1618)
• The terms of the treaty was similar to those of treaty of Nasuh Pasha with several minor rectifications of the border line ^[137] Also, the annual tribute of the Persian side was reduced from 200 loads to 100 loads. ^[138]

• The Georgians, led by Giorgi Saakadze won a victory over the Ottoman Turks.

• Beneficial treaty in favor of the Ottoman Empire, Poland withdraws behind the Dniester, the Ottomans renew their suzerainty over the Danubian principalities
• Treaty of Khotyn

• Fakhreddine captures Mustafa Pasha
• Beylerbey confirms the Ma'ns' governorships

• Permanent partition of the Caucasus; Western Georgia and Western Armenia goes to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, Eastern and Southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control over Mesopotamia

• Revolts suppressed

• Abduction of 400-800 Icelanders

• Crete conquered by the Ottoman Empire
  Venetian gains in Dalmatia

• Maʿnīs lost control of Safad

  Kingdom of France
  Holy Roman Empire

•   Electorate of Saxony
•   Brandenburg-Prussia
•   Electorate of Bavaria
•   Baden-Baden
•   Swabia

  Piedmont-Savoy
  Kingdom of Hungary
  Kingdom of Croatia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

• Peace of Vasvár
• The Ottomans retain Oradea in Transylvania and gain Nové Zámky from the Kingdom of Hungary ^{[139] [140]}
• Construction of a Habsburg fort along the Waag river, and granted a twenty-year truce. ^{[141] [142]}

• Treaty of Buchach: Ottoman Empire wins control over parts of Podolia and parts of Central Ukraine. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is turned into a fief of the Ottoman Empire during 4 years.
• Treaty of Żurawno: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth regains Bila Tserkva and Pavoloch ^[143]

• The border between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was to constitute the river Dnipro, with Russia being awarded Kiev together with the towns of Stajki, Trypillia, Vasylkiv, Didowszczyzna, Radomyshl, located on the right "Ottoman" bank of the river, the Ottoman Empire recognized the sovereignty of Russia over Left-bank Ukraine.
• Treaty of Bakhchisarai

Vassal states:

• Crimean Khanate
• Shamkhalate of Tarki ^[144]
• Upper Hungary (1683–5)
• Moldavia
• Wallachia
• Transylvania

• Habsburg monarchy
• Bavaria
• Franconia
•   Saxony
• Swabia
• Duchy of Styria
• Royal Hungary
• Kingdom of Croatia
• Duchy of Mantua

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Tsardom of Russia

• Cossack Hetmanate

Republic of Venice
  Spanish Empire
Montenegro
Albanian rebels
Serbian rebels
Greek rebels
Bulgarian rebels
Romanian rebels
Croatian rebels

• Treaty of Karlowitz
• Ottoman decline in Europe
• The Habsburg monarchy wins lands in Hungary, the Principality of Transylvania and the Balkans.
• Poland-Lithuania captures Podolia.
• Russia captures the port of Azov.
• Venice captures Morea and inner Dalmatia.
• Montenegro gains de facto independence.

• Rebellion Suppressed

• Rebellion Suppressed

• Rebellion Suppressed
• Ottomans suppressed rebellions in Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Kumanovo and Skopje

• Russo-Turkish War
• Skirmish at Bender

• Sweden was defeated
• Ottoman victory in Pruth River
• The Tsardom of Russia establishes itself as a new power in Europe
• Treaty of the Pruth: Azov area is ceded back to the Ottoman Empire. Russia demolishes strategic castles such as Taganrog. Charles XII of Sweden gets safe passage from Turkey to Sweden in 1711.

• Russians would not interfere in Polish's internal affairs.
• Russians will not have a permanent ambassador in Istanbul.
• They would allow Swedish King return to his country freely.
• Azov returns to Ottoman territory. Taganrog and other Russian fortresses are destroyed.
• Treaty of Pruth

• The Swedish King and the soldiers were captured by the Turks and taken prisoner. ^[145]

• Morea ceded back to Ottoman Empire

• The Banat, Serbia, Oltenia and portions of northern Bosnia were ceded to the Habsburgs
• Treaty of Passarowitz