From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of supernova candidates , or
stars that are believed to soon become
supernovae .
Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 8~10
solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include
Antares ,
Spica ,
[1]
Gamma Velorum ,
[2]
Mu Cephei , and members of the
Quintuplet Cluster .
[3]
Type Ia supernova progenitors are
white dwarf stars that are close to the
Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star.
The list includes massive
Wolf–Rayet stars , which may become
Type Ib/Ic supernovae , particularly oxygen-sequence (Wolf-Rayet WO) stars. As of 2023, most of these candidates are in the
Milky Way galaxy, however five oxygen-sequence Wolf-Rayet stars are also known in other galaxies.
References
^
a
b
Supernova Remnants and Neutron Stars ,
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , 2005-08-02, retrieved 2006-06-08
^ Kaler, James B.,
"Regor" , Stars ,
University of Illinois , archived from
the original on 2008-12-05, retrieved 2007-01-08
^ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04),
Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted ,
space.com , retrieved 2007-01-08
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Brown, A. G. A. ; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018).
"Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties" .
Astronomy & Astrophysics . 616 . A1.
arXiv :
1804.09365 .
Bibcode :
2018A&A...616A...1G .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361/201833051 .
^ Samuel, Eugenie (2002-05-23),
Supernova poised to go off near Earth ,
New Scientist , retrieved 2007-01-12
^ Tzekova, S. Y.; et al. (2004),
IK Pegasi (HR 8210) , ESO, retrieved 2007-01-12 [
permanent dead link ]
^
a
b
c
d
e
f Firestone, R. B. (July 2014),
"Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded <300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr" , The Astrophysical Journal , 789 (1): 11,
Bibcode :
2014ApJ...789...29F ,
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29 , 29. See Table 4, p. 10.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 474 (2): 653–664.
arXiv :
0708.1752 .
Bibcode :
2007A&A...474..653V .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 .
S2CID
18759600 .
Vizier catalog entry
^ Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973-01-01).
"Spectral Classification" . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics . 11 : 29–50.
Bibcode :
1973ARA&A..11...29M .
doi :
10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333 .
ISSN
0066-4146 .
^ Levenhagen, R. S.; Leister, N. V. (2006-08-01). "Spectroscopic analysis of southern B and Be stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 371 (1): 252–262.
arXiv :
astro-ph/0606149 .
Bibcode :
2006MNRAS.371..252L .
doi :
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10655.x .
^
"Bellatrix" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2024-01-30 .
^ Cohen, David H.; Kuhn, Michael A.; Gagné, Marc; Jensen, Eric L. N.; Miller, Nathan A. (June 2008). "Chandra spectroscopy of the hot star beta Crucis and the discovery of a pre-main-sequence companion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 386 (4): 1855–1871.
arXiv :
0802.4084 .
Bibcode :
2008MNRAS.386.1855C .
doi :
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13176.x .
ISSN
0035-8711 .
S2CID
2924933 .
^ Aerts, C.; De Cat, P.; Cuypers, J.; Becker, S. R.; Mathias, P.; De Mey, K.; Gillet, D.; Waelkens, C. (1998-01-01).
"Evidence for binarity and multiperiodicity in the beta Cephei star beta Crucis" . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 329 : 137–146.
Bibcode :
1998A&A...329..137A .
ISSN
0004-6361 .
^
"Mimosa" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2023-12-07 .
^ Houk, Nancy (1978-01-01).
Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars .
Bibcode :
1978mcts.book.....H .
^
"Acrux" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2023-12-07 .
^ van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 474 (2): 653–664.
arXiv :
0708.1752 .
Bibcode :
2007A&A...474..653V .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 .
S2CID
18759600 .
Vizier catalog entry
^
"Adhara" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2023-12-16 .
^ Neuhäuser, R.; Torres, G.; Mugrauer, M.; Neuhäuser, D. L.; Chapman, J.; Luge, D.; Cosci, M. (2022).
"Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 516 : 693–719.
arXiv :
2207.04702 .
doi :
10.1093/mnras/stac1969 . Retrieved 2023-12-09 .
^ Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken’ichi (2020-10-13).
"Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA" . The Astrophysical Journal . 902 (1): 63.
arXiv :
2006.09837 .
Bibcode :
2020ApJ...902...63J .
doi :
10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db .
ISSN
1538-4357 .
^
a
b Smith, Nathan; Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Ryde, Nils (March 2009). "Red Supergiants as Potential Type IIn Supernova Progenitors: Spatially Resolved 4.6 μm CO Emission Around VY CMa and Betelgeuse". The Astronomical Journal . 137 (3): 3558–3573.
arXiv :
0811.3037 .
Bibcode :
2009AJ....137.3558S .
doi :
10.1088/0004-6256/137/3/3558 .
S2CID
19019913 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j Asakura, K.; Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Hachiya, T.; Hayashida, S.; Ikeda, H.; Inoue, K.; Ishidoshiro, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Ishio, S.; Koga, M.; Matsuda, S.; Mitsui, T.; Motoki, D.; Nakamura, K. (2016-02-10).
"KamLAND Sensitivity to Neutrinos from Pre-Supernova Stars" . The Astrophysical Journal . 818 (1): 91.
arXiv :
1506.01175 .
Bibcode :
2016ApJ...818...91A .
doi :
10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/91 .
ISSN
0004-637X .
^
"Big and Giant Stars: Alpha Lupi" . Jumk.de. Retrieved 2013-01-03 .
^ van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 474 (2): 653–664.
arXiv :
0708.1752 .
Bibcode :
2007A&A...474..653V .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 .
S2CID
18759600 .
Vizier catalog entry
^
"Mirzam" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2023-12-16 .
^ Nomoto, K. (1984-02-01).
"Evolution of 8-10 solar mass stars toward electron capture supernovae. I - Formation of electron-degenerate O + NE + MG cores" . The Astrophysical Journal . 277 : 791–805.
Bibcode :
1984ApJ...277..791N .
doi :
10.1086/161749 .
ISSN
0004-637X .
^
"What will happen when Antares explodes?" . Disassociated.com. 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2013-01-03 .
^ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (March 2012), "Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The MOST High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring", The Astrophysical Journal , 747 (1): 108–115,
arXiv :
1201.0843 ,
Bibcode :
2012ApJ...747..108M ,
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108 ,
S2CID
425831
^ Beech, Martin (December 2011), "The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth's biosphere", Astrophysics and Space Science , 336 (2): 287–302,
Bibcode :
2011Ap&SS.336..287B ,
doi :
10.1007/s10509-011-0873-9 ,
S2CID
119803426
^
"Almaaz" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2024-04-09 .
^
"Wezen" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2024-01-04 .
^ van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 474 (2): 653–664.
arXiv :
0708.1752 .
Bibcode :
2007A&A...474..653V .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 .
S2CID
18759600 .
Vizier catalog entry
^
"119 Tau" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2023-12-16 .
^ Gray, R. O.; Napier, M. G.; Winkler, L. I. (2001-04-01).
"The Physical Basis of Luminosity Classification in the Late A-, F-, and Early G-Type Stars. I. Precise Spectral Types for 372 Stars" . The Astronomical Journal . 121 (4): 2148.
Bibcode :
2001AJ....121.2148G .
doi :
10.1086/319956 .
ISSN
1538-3881 .
^
"Arneb" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2024-03-06 .
^ Schiller, Florian; Przybilla, Norbert (March 2008). "Quantitative spectroscopy of Deneb". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 479 (3): 849–858.
arXiv :
0712.0040 .
Bibcode :
2008A&A...479..849S .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20078590 .
ISSN
0004-6361 .
^ Georgy, Cyril; Saio, Hideyuki; Meynet, Georges (2014-03-21). "The puzzle of the CNO abundances of {\alpha} Cygni variables resolved by the Ledoux criterion?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters . 439 (1): L6–L10.
arXiv :
1311.4744 .
doi :
10.1093/mnrasl/slt165 .
ISSN
1745-3933 .
^
"Recurrent Novae as a Progenitor System of Type Ia Supernovae. I. RS Ophiuchi Subclass: Systems with a Red Giant Companion - Abstract - The Astrophysical Journal - IOPscience" . Iopscience.iop.org. 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2013-01-03 .
^ Maxted, P. F. L.; Marsh, T. R.; North, R. C. (September 2000). "KPD 1930+2752: a candidate Type Ia supernova progenitor". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 317 (3): L41–L44.
arXiv :
astro-ph/0007257 .
Bibcode :
2000MNRAS.317L..41M .
doi :
10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03856.x .
S2CID
11267384 .
^ Kanipe, Jeff (2000-08-05).
"Skywatch—Watch This Space!" .
space.com . Archived from
the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2007-01-06 .
^ Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (2020-03-21). "The 'Red Supergiant Problem': the upper luminosity boundary of type-II supernova progenitors". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 493 (1): 468–476.
arXiv :
2001.06020 .
doi :
10.1093/mnras/staa174 .
ISSN
0035-8711 .
^ Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04).
"Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted" .
space.com . Retrieved 2007-01-08 .
^ Staff (2003-01-31).
"The William Herschel telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion" . Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. Retrieved 2007-01-05 .
^ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W. (January 2012). "Distance and Kinematics of the Red Hypergiant VY CMa: VLBA and VLA Astrometry".
The Astrophysical Journal . 744 (1): 23.
arXiv :
1109.3036 .
Bibcode :
2012ApJ...744...23Z .
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/23 .
S2CID
121202336 .
^ Weaver, D.; Humphreys, R. (2007-01-08).
"Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts" . HubbleSite NewsCenter. Retrieved 2007-01-16 .
^ Staff (2011-09-28).
" 'Fried Egg' Nebula Cracks Open Rare Hypergiant Star" . Space.com. Retrieved 2015-06-13 .
^ Bauer, Wendy Hagen; Gull, Theodore R.; Bennett, Philip D. (August 2008).
"Spatial Extension in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of Vv Cephei" . The Astronomical Journal . 136 (3): 1312–1324.
Bibcode :
2008AJ....136.1312H .
doi :
10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312 .
ISSN
1538-3881 .
S2CID
119404901 .
^
"VV Cephei" . stars.astro.illinois.edu . Retrieved 2023-12-07 .
^ Smith, Nathan (March 2007). "Discovery of a Nearby Twin of SN 1987A's Nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable HD 168625: Was Sk -69 202 an LBV?". The Astronomical Journal . 133 (3): 1034–1040.
arXiv :
astro-ph/0611544 .
Bibcode :
2007AJ....133.1034S .
doi :
10.1086/510838 .
S2CID
17598600 .
^ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012).
"The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry" (PDF) . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 544 : A42.
arXiv :
1207.1850 .
Bibcode :
2012A&A...544A..42Z .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361/201219587 .
S2CID
55509287 .
^ Monnier, J. D.; Millan-Gabet, R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Traub, W. A.; Carleton, N. P.; Coude Du Foresto, V.; Danchi, W. C.; Lacasse, M. G.; Morel, S.; Perrin, G.; Porro, I. L.; Schloerb, F. P.; Townes, C. H. (2004). "High-Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal . 605 (1): 436–461.
arXiv :
astro-ph/0401363 .
Bibcode :
2004ApJ...605..436M .
doi :
10.1086/382218 .
S2CID
7851916 .
^ Jones, Terry Jay; et al. (July 1993). "IRC +10420 - A cool hypergiant near the top of the H-R diagram". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 . 411 (1): 323–335.
Bibcode :
1993ApJ...411..323J .
doi :
10.1086/172832 .
^ Than, Ker (2004-10-04).
"Astronomers Demonstrate a Global Internet Telescope" . University of Manchester. Retrieved 2007-01-08 .
^ Than, Ker (2006-07-19),
Mystery of Explosive Star Solved ,
space.com , retrieved 2007-01-08
^ Staff (2006-07-25),
Astronomers See Future Supernova Developing , SpaceDaily, retrieved 2006-12-01
^ van Boekel, R.; Schöller, M.; Herbst, T. (2003-11-18).
"Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon" . European Southern Observatory Press Release .
European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO): 31.
Bibcode :
2003eso..pres...36. Archived from
the original on 2007-01-03. Retrieved 2007-01-08 .
^ Milan, Wil (2000-03-07).
"Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth" .
space.com . Retrieved 2007-01-06 .
^ Jura, M.; Velusamy, T.; Werner, M. W. (2001-06-05).
"What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821?" .
American Astronomical Society . Archived from
the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2007-01-08 .
^ Josselin, E.; Lèbre, A. (2001).
"Probing the post-AGB nature of HD 179821" .
Astronomy and Astrophysics . 367 (3): 826–830.
Bibcode :
2001A&A...367..826J .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20000496 .
^ Schaefer, Bradley E.; Pagnotta, Ashley; Shara, Michael M. (January 2010). "The Nova Shell and Evolution of the Recurrent Nova T Pyxidis". The Astrophysical Journal . 708 (1): 381–402.
arXiv :
0906.0933 .
Bibcode :
2010ApJ...708..381S .
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/381 .
S2CID
18807684 .
^ Edwards, Lin (2010).
"Massive white dwarf in our galaxy may go supernova" . PhysOrg . Retrieved 2010-02-26 .
^ Tuthill, Peter G.; et al. (March 2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104". The Astrophysical Journal . 675 (1): 698–710.
arXiv :
0712.2111 .
Bibcode :
2008ApJ...675..698T .
doi :
10.1086/527286 .
S2CID
119293391 .
^ Kaler, Jim (1999-04-09).
"WR 104: Pinwheel Star" .
Astronomy Picture of the Day . Archived from
the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2007-01-08 .
^ Kato, Mariko; Hachisu, Izumi; Kiyota, Seiichiro; Saio, Hideyuki (September 2008). "Helium Nova on a Very Massive White Dwarf: A Revised Light-Curve Model of V445 Puppis (2000)". The Astrophysical Journal . 684 (2): 1366–1373.
arXiv :
0805.2540 .
Bibcode :
2008ApJ...684.1366K .
doi :
10.1086/590329 .
S2CID
18001230 .
^ Woudt, P. A.; et al. (November 2009). "The Expanding Bipolar Shell of the Helium Nova V445 Puppis". The Astrophysical Journal . 706 (1): 738–746.
arXiv :
0910.1069 .
Bibcode :
2009ApJ...706..738W .
doi :
10.1088/0004-637X/706/1/738 .
S2CID
85461691 .
^ Smartt, S. J.; Lennon, D. J.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Rosales, F.; Ryans, R. S. I.; Wright, N. (September 2002). "The evolutionary status of Sher 25 - implications for blue supergiants and the progenitor of SN 1987A".
Astronomy and Astrophysics . 391 (3): 979–991.
arXiv :
astro-ph/0205242 .
Bibcode :
2002A&A...391..979S .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20020829 .
S2CID
14933392 .
^ Schaefer, Bradley E. (2018). "The distances to Novae as seen by Gaia". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 481 (3): 3033–3051.
arXiv :
1809.00180 .
Bibcode :
2018MNRAS.481.3033S .
doi :
10.1093/mnras/sty2388 .
S2CID
118925493 .
^ Thoroughgood, T. D.; Dhillon, V. S.; Littlefair, S. P.; Marsh, T. R.; Smith, D. A. (2002). "The recurrent nova U Scorpii -- A type Ia supernova progenitor". The Physics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects . Vol. 261. San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
arXiv :
astro-ph/0109553 .
Bibcode :
2002ASPC..261...77T .
Classes Physics of Related Progenitors Remnants Discovery Lists Notable Research