From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individual(s) (or in some instances, clones) of a species with the longest natural maximum life spans. For a given species, such a designation may include:

  1. The oldest known individual(s) that are currently alive, with verified ages.
  2. Verified individual record holders, such as the longest-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the longest-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff.

The definition of "longest-living" used in this article considers only the observed or estimated length of an individual organism's natural lifespan – that is, the duration of time between its birth or conception, or the earliest emergence of its identity as an individual organism, and its death – and does not consider other conceivable interpretations of "longest-living", such as the length of time between the earliest appearance of a species in the fossil record and the present (the historical "age" of the species as a whole), the time between a species' first speciation and its extinction (the phylogenetic "lifespan" of the species), or the range of possible lifespans of a species' individuals. This list includes long-lived organisms that are currently still alive as well as those that are dead.

Determining the length of an organism's natural lifespan is complicated by many problems of definition and interpretation, as well as by practical difficulties in reliably measuring age, particularly for extremely old organisms and for those that reproduce by asexual cloning. In many cases the ages listed below are estimates based on observed present-day growth rates, which may differ significantly from the growth rates experienced thousands of years ago. Identifying the longest-living organisms also depends on defining what constitutes an "individual" organism, which can be problematic, since many asexual organisms and clonal colonies defy one or both of the traditional colloquial definitions of individuality (having a distinct genotype and having an independent, physically separate body). Additionally, some organisms maintain the capability to reproduce through very long periods of metabolic dormancy, during which they may not be considered "alive" by certain definitions but nonetheless can resume normal metabolism afterward; it is unclear whether the dormant periods should be counted as part of the organism's lifespan.

Biological immortality

Hydras may not grow old.

If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. There are numerous plants and animals for which the mortality rate has been observed to actually decrease with age, for all or part of the life cycle. [1] Hydra were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate. [2] If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan may be long or short, though the species technically does not "age".

Individuals of other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times. The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known. [3] No single specimen has been observed for any extended period, however, and estimating the age of a specimen is not possible by any known means. At least one other hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata [4]) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1 [5]) can also revert from a medusa stage into a polyp stage.

Similarly, the larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. This cycle can be repeated many times. However, repeated cycles result in physiological deterioration, suggesting that these beetle larvae still age. [6]

Revived into activity after stasis

If the definition of lifespan does not exclude time spent in metabolically inactive states, many organisms may be said to have lifespans that are millions of years in length. Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years of dormancy. Spores preserved in amber have been revived after 40 million years, [7] and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico have been revived after 250 million years, making these bacteria by far the longest-living organisms ever recorded. [8] Similarly, in May 2022 prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms were found in crystals of halite; these could be over 800 million years old but it remains uncertain if they are alive or if they could be revived. [9] [10] In a related find, a scientist was able to coax 34,000-year-old salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. These results were subsequently duplicated independently. [11]

This Judean date palm sprouted from a 2,000-year-old seed.

In July 2018, scientists from four Russian institutions collaborating with Princeton University reported that they had analyzed about 300 prehistoric nematode worms recovered from permafrost above the Arctic Circle in Sakha Republic, and that after being thawed, two of the nematodes revived and began moving and eating. One found in a Pleistocene squirrel burrow in the Duvanny Yar outcrop on the Kolyma River was believed to be about 32,000 years old, while the other, recovered in 2015 near the Alazeya River, was dated at approximately 30,000-40,000 years old. These nematodes were believed to be the oldest living multicellular organisms on Earth. [12] [13] In 2023, it was reported that nematodes of the previously undescribed Panagrolaimus kolymaensis were revived after 46,000 years in cryptobiosis. [14]

Like bacterial spores, plant seeds are often capable of germinating after very long periods of metabolic inactivity. A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years. Named " Methuselah", it is currently growing at Kibbutz Ketura, Israel. [15] Similarly, the flowering plant Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit found in an ancient squirrel's cache. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated at 31,800 ± 300 years old. [16] In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly 1,300 ± 270 years old, was successfully germinated. [17] [18]

During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, US, reported reviving yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years, although doubts were raised as to its antiquity. [19] [20][ citation needed] Cano founded a brewery [21] and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [22]

List of longest-living organisms

Microorganisms

Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old, with a generation time of 10,000 years. [23] These are slowly metabolizing and not in a dormant state. Some Actinomycetota found in Siberia are estimated to be half a million years old. [24] [25] [26]

The discovered microorganisms

In July 2020, marine biologists reported that aerobic microorganisms (mainly), in " quasi-suspended animation", were found in organically poor sediments, up to 101.5 million years old, 68.9 metres (226 feet) below the seafloor in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the longest-living life forms ever found. [27] [28]

Clonal plant and fungal colonies

Pando is a clonal colony of quaking aspens that is several thousand years old.

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not interconnected but are nonetheless genetically identical clones that populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies are estimates, often based on current growth rates. [29]

Individual plant specimens

The Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe.

Aquatic animals

Giant barrel sponges can live more than 2,000 years.

Humans

Life expectancy by country in 2019
  •   ≥ 82.5
  •   80.0 – 82.4
  •   77.5 – 79.9
  •   75.0 – 77.4
  •   72.5 – 74.9
  •   70.0 – 72.4
  •   67.5 – 69.9
  •   65.0 – 67.4
  •   62.5 – 64.9
  •   60.0 – 62.4
  •   55.0 – 59.9
  •   < 55.0
  •   No data

Humans are among the longest living land mammals. [96]

  • Jeanne Calment, a French woman, lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, making her the oldest fully documented human who has ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997. [97]
  • Jiroemon Kimura (†116 years, 54 days), a Japanese man, died on 12 June 2013. He holds the record for the oldest ever male human.
  • The oldest known person alive today is Maria Branyas, a Spanish woman, at 117 years, 22 days (born 4 March 1907).

These are single examples; for a broader view, see life expectancy (includes humans).

Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals

See also

References

  1. ^ Ainsworth, C; Lepage, M (2007). "Evolution's greatest mistakes". New Scientist. 195 (2616): 36–39. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(07)62033-8.
  2. ^ Martínez, Daniel E. (1998). "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra". Experimental Gerontology. 33 (3): 217–225. CiteSeerX  10.1.1.500.9508. doi: 10.1016/S0531-5565(97)00113-7. PMID  9615920. S2CID  2009972.
  3. ^ Gilbert, Scott F. (2010). "The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis". Developmental Biology (9th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN  978-0-878-93384-6. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10.
  4. ^ De Vito; et al. (2006). "Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851)". Marine Biology. 149 (2): 339–346. doi: 10.1007/s00227-005-0182-3. S2CID  84325535.
  5. ^ He; et al. (2015-12-21). "Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0145314. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1045314H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145314. PMC  4687044. PMID  26690755.
  6. ^ Beck, SD; Bharadwaj, RK (1972). "Reversed development and cellular aging in an insect". Science. 178 (4066): 1210–1211. Bibcode: 1972Sci...178.1210B. doi: 10.1126/science.178.4066.1210. PMID  4637808. S2CID  34101370.
  7. ^ Cano, RJ; Borucki, MK (19 May 1995). "Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber". Science. 268 (5213): 1060–1064. Bibcode: 1995Sci...268.1060C. doi: 10.1126/science.7538699. PMID  7538699.
  8. ^ Vreeland, Russell H.; Rosenzweig, William D.; Powers, Dennis W. (2000-10-19). "Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal". Nature. 407 (6806): 897–900. Bibcode: 2000Natur.407..897V. doi: 10.1038/35038060. ISSN  1476-4687. PMID  11057666. S2CID  9879073.
  9. ^ Starr, Michelle (2022-05-16). "Potentially Alive 830-Million-Year-Old Organisms Found Trapped in Ancient Rock". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  10. ^ Schreder-Gomes, Sara I.; Benison, Kathleen C.; Bernau, Jeremiah A. (2022-08-01). "830-million-year-old microorganisms in primary fluid inclusions in halite". Geology. 50 (8): 918–922. Bibcode: 2022Geo....50..918S. doi: 10.1130/G49957.1. ISSN  0091-7613. S2CID  248629125.
  11. ^ "34,000 Year Old Organisms Found Buried Alive!". Yahoo News. January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  12. ^ Shatilovich, A. V.; Tchesunov, A. V.; Neretina, T. V.; Grabarnik, I. P.; Gubin, S. V.; Vishnivetskaya, T. A.; Onstott, T. C.; Rivkina, E. M. (2018-05-01). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland". Doklady Biological Sciences. 480 (1): 100–102. doi: 10.1134/S0012496618030079. ISSN  1608-3105. PMID  30009350. S2CID  49743808.
  13. ^ "Worms frozen in permafrost for up to 42,000 years come back to life". Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  14. ^ Shatilovich, Anastasia; Gade, Vamshidhar R.; Pippel, Martin; Hoffmeyer, Tarja T.; Tchesunov, Alexei V.; Stevens, Lewis; Winkler, Sylke; Hughes, Graham M.; Traikov, Sofia; Hiller, Michael; Rivkina, Elizaveta; Schiffer, Philipp H.; Myers, Eugene W.; Kurzchalia, Teymuras V. (2023-07-27). "A novel nematode species from the Siberian permafrost shares adaptive mechanisms for cryptobiotic survival with C. elegans dauer larva". PLOS Genetics. 19 (7): e1010798. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010798. ISSN  1553-7404. PMC  10374039. PMID  37498820.
  15. ^ Erlanger, Steven (June 12, 2005). "After 2,000 years, a seed from ancient Judea sprouts". The New York Times.
  16. ^ Yashina, S.; Gubin, S.; Maksimovich, S.; Yashina, A.; Gakhova, E.; Gilichinsky, D. (2012). "Regeneration of whole fertile plants from 30,000-y-old fruit tissue buried in Siberian permafrost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (10): 4008–13. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..109.4008Y. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1118386109. PMC  3309767. PMID  22355102.
  17. ^ Shen-Miller; Mudgett, M. B.; William Schopf, J.; Clarke, S.; Berger, R. (1995). "Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: Ancient sacred lotus from China". American Journal of Botany. 82 (11): 1367–1380. doi: 10.2307/2445863. JSTOR  2445863.
  18. ^ Shen-Miller; et al. (2002). "Long-living lotus: germination and soil gamma-irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring". American Journal of Botany. Archived from the original on July 1, 2003. Retrieved 2010-02-03. Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years. A [roughly 1300-year-old] lotus fruit, recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry lakebed in northeastern China, is the oldest germinated and directly 14C-dated fruit known. In 1996, we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village, China, the source of the old viable fruits.
  19. ^ Brüssow, Harald (2020). "Bioarchaeology: a profitable dialogue between microbiology and archaeology". Microbial Biotechnology. 13 (2): 406–409. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13527. ISSN  1751-7915. PMC  7017812. PMID  32053292.
  20. ^ Nick Wilson (January 18, 2011). "Poly professor brews beer with 45-million-year-old yeast". Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  21. ^ "The Story - nature finds a way". Fossil Fuels Brewing Co. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31.
  22. ^ Erin Biba (July 20, 2009). "Amber Ale: Brewing Beer From 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast". Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  23. ^ Yirka, Bob. "Soil beneath ocean found to harbor long lived bacteria, fungi and viruses". phys.org. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  24. ^ Sample, Ian (2010-05-01). "The oldest living organisms: ancient survivors with a fragile future". The Observer. ISSN  0029-7712. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  25. ^ "It's Okay to be Smart • the oldest living thing in the world: These". Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  26. ^ Willerslev, Eske; Froese, Duane; Gilichinsky, David; Rønn, Regin; Bunce, Michael; Zuber, Maria T.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Brand, Tina; Munch, Kasper; Nielsen, Rasmus; Mastepanov, Mikhail; Christensen, Torben R.; Hebsgaard, Martin B.; Johnson, Sarah Stewart (September 4, 2007). "Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (36): 14401–14405. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10414401J. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0706787104. PMC  1958816. PMID  17728401.
  27. ^ Wu, Katherine J. (28 July 2020). "These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  28. ^ Morono, Yuki; et al. (28 July 2020). "Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years". Nature Communications. 11 (3626): 3626. Bibcode: 2020NatCo..11.3626M. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1. PMC  7387439. PMID  32724059.
  29. ^ Gymnosperm Database (2 January 2007). "How Old Is That Tree?". Archived from the original on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  30. ^ Ibiza Spotlight (28 May 2006). "Ibiza's Monster Marine Plant". Archived from the original on 2006-08-27. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  31. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (2012-02-07). "'Oldest living thing on earth' discovered". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.
  32. ^ Arnaud-Haond, Sophie; Duarte, Carlos M.; Diaz-Almela, Elena; Marbà, Núria; Sintes, Tomas; Serrão, Ester A. (February 1, 2012). Bruun, Hans Henrik (ed.). "Implications of Extreme Life Span in Clonal Organisms: Millenary Clones in Meadows of the Threatened Seagrass Posidonia oceanica". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e30454. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...730454A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030454. PMC  3270012. PMID  22312426.
  33. ^ Discovery Channel (21 October 1996). "Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism". Archived from the original on July 23, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  34. ^ Michael Reilly (December 23, 2009). "Ancient tree (almost) older than dirt". Discovery News. Retrieved Jan 15, 2015.
  35. ^ "Oldest Living Organism: Ancient Bacteria". Extreme Science. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  36. ^ McMillen, Nathan D. (Fall 2010). "Pennsylvania's Oldest Citizen". Archived from the original on November 22, 2017.
  37. ^ "Plant Hall of Fame". Fact Monster. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  38. ^ "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  39. ^ "Press release from Umeå University". Info.umu.se. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  40. ^ "Swedish spruce may be world's oldest living tree". Reuters. April 11, 2008.
  41. ^ "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". News.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  42. ^ "World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden". Swedish Research Council. 16 April 2008.
  43. ^ Rogers, Paul C.; McAvoy, Darren J. (2018-10-17). Heinze, Berthold (ed.). "Mule deer impede Pando's recovery: Implications for aspen resilience from a single-genotype forest". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0203619. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1303619R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203619. ISSN  1932-6203. PMC  6192553. PMID  30332420.
  44. ^ "Humongous Fungus A New Kind Of Individual". Science Daily. March 25, 2003.
  45. ^ "Strange but True: The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus". Scientific American. October 4, 2007.
  46. ^ "World's biggest plant discovered off Australian coast". BBC News. 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  47. ^ Edgeloe, Jane M.; Severn-Ellis, Anita A.; Bayer, Philipp E.; Mehravi, Shaghayegh; Breed, Martin F.; Krauss, Siegfried L.; Batley, Jacqueline; Kendrick, Gary A.; Sinclair, Elizabeth A. (2022-06-08). "Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1976): 20220538. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0538. PMC  9156900. PMID  35642363.
  48. ^ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  49. ^ a b "Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST". Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  50. ^ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. Bibcode: 1993Sci...260.1104L. doi: 10.1126/science.260.5111.1104. PMID  17806339. S2CID  46397540.
  51. ^ Quammen, David (December 2012). "Forest Giant". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  52. ^ Ralph, Carol Pearson (March 1978). "Observations on Azorella compacta (Umbelliferae), a Tropical Andean Cushion Plant". Biotropica. 10 (1): 62–67. doi: 10.2307/2388107. JSTOR  2388107. (subscription required)
  53. ^ Patrut, Adrian; et al. (2018). "The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs". Nature Plants. 4 (7): 423–426. doi: 10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5. hdl: 2263/65292. PMID  29892092. S2CID  47017569.
  54. ^ Shanika Sriyananda (2011-07-03). "Caring for the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi". Archived from the original on 2013-04-13. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  55. ^ "The Coming of the Bodhi Tree to Lanka". www.srimahabodhi.org.
  56. ^ "Botanical Record Breakers: Amazing Trivia About Plants". Waynesword.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  57. ^ Rackham, Oliver; Moody, J (1996). The Making of the Cretan Landscape.
  58. ^ Riley, FR (2002). "Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete: Nutritional properties, Processing methods, and Storage life of Minoan olive oil". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 21 (1): 63–75. doi: 10.1111/1468-0092.00149.
  59. ^ "Glass sponge as a living climate archive". PhysOrg. April 5, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  60. ^ "AnAge entry for Scolymastra joubini". Human Ageing Genomic Resources. AnAge Database of Animal Ageing and Longevity. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  61. ^ Robert Lloyd (March 16, 2012). "Television review: 'Frozen Planet' on Discovery Channel". Los Angeles Times.
  62. ^ Graczyk, Michael (2009-03-25). "Scientists ID living coral as 4,265 years old". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2009-04-01.
  63. ^ McMurray, SE; Blum, JE; Pawlik, JR (2008). "Redwood of the reef : growth and age of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys". Marine Biology. 155 (2): 159–171. doi: 10.1007/s00227-008-1014-z. S2CID  55834932.
  64. ^ "2,000 Year-old Deep-sea Black Corals call Gulf of Mexico Home". U.S. Geological Survey. March 30, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  65. ^ "AnAge entry for Cinachyra antarctica". Genomics.senescence.info. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  66. ^ Butler, Paul; AD Wanamaker; JD Scourse; CA Richardson; DJ Reynolds (2012). "Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 373: 141–151. Bibcode: 2013PPP...373..141B. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016.
  67. ^ Schöne; Fiebig, J; Pfeiffer, M; Gleb, R; Hickson, J; Johnson, A; Dreyer, W; Oschmann, W (2005). "Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 228 (1–2): 130–148. Bibcode: 2005PPP...228..130S. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.049.
  68. ^ Durkin, Alanna; Fisher, Charles R.; Cordes, Erik E. (8 July 2017). "Extreme longevity in a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm and its implications for the evolution of life history strategies". The Science of Nature. 104 (7–8): 63. Bibcode: 2017SciNa.104...63D. doi: 10.1007/s00114-017-1479-z. PMID  28689349. S2CID  11287549.
  69. ^ Gruber, Karl (20 July 2017). "Giant deep-sea worms may live to be 1000 years old or more". New Scientist.
  70. ^ Pennisi, Elizabeth (11 August 2016). "Greenland shark may live 400 years, smashing longevity record". Science. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  71. ^ Nielsen, Julius; Hedeholm, Rasmus B.; Heinemeier, Jan; Bushnell, Peter G.; Christiansen, Jørgen S.; Olsen, Jesper; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brill, Richard W.; Simon, Malene (2016-08-12). "Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)". Science. 353 (6300): 702–704. Bibcode: 2016Sci...353..702N. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf1703. hdl: 2022/26597. ISSN  0036-8075. PMID  27516602. S2CID  206647043.
  72. ^ Varandani, Suman (14 December 2017). "512-Year-Old Shark, Believed To Be Oldest Living Verbrate, Found In North Atlantic". International Business Times. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  73. ^ Ziuganov, V., San Miguel, E., Neves, R.J., Longa, A., Fernandez, C., Amaro, R., Beletsky, V., Popkovitch, E., Kaliuzhin, S., Johnson, T. (2000). "Life span variation of the freshwater pearlshell: a model species for testing longevity mechanisms in animals". Ambio. XXIX (2): 102–105. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447-29.2.102. S2CID  86366534.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
  74. ^ Зюганов В.В. (2004). "Арктические долгоживущие и южные короткоживущие моллюски жемчужницы как модель для изучения основ долголетия". Успехи геронтол. 14: 21–31.
  75. ^ Helama S.; Valovirta I. (2008). "The oldest recorded animal in Finland: ontogenetic age and growth in Margaritifera margaritifera (L. 1758) based on internal shell increments" (PDF). Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica. 84: 20–30.
  76. ^ Alaska Science Forum (15 February 2001). "Bowhead Whales May Be the World's Oldest Mammals". Archived from the original on 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  77. ^ Cailliet, G.M.; Andrews, A.H.; Burton, E.J.; Watters, D.L.; Kline, D.E.; Ferry-Graham, L.A. (2001). "Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers live longer?". Exp. Gerontol. 36 (4–6): 739–764. doi: 10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00239-4. PMID  11295512. S2CID  42894988.
  78. ^ Ebert, TA; Southon, JR (2003). "Red sea urchins can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb 14carbon – Strongylocentrotus franciscanus". Fishery Bulletin. 101 (4): 915–922.
  79. ^ "Allocyttus verrucosus". The Moirai – Aging Research. 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  80. ^ "Pseudocyttus maculatus". The Moirai – Aging Research. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  81. ^ "Neocyttus rhomboidalis". The Moirai – Aging Research. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  82. ^ Sharmishtha, D.; Miles, L. L.; Barnabei, M.S.; Fisher, C. R. (2006). "The hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi primarily eliminates sulfate and hydrogen ions across its roots to conserve energy and ensure sulfide supply". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3795–3805. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02413. PMID  16985196. S2CID  45656093.
  83. ^ "Geoduck". BC Seafood Online. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011.
  84. ^ MacDonald, Colin (August 21, 2004). "Cashing in on geoducks – once chowder fodder, the giant clam can fetch up to $24 a pop". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. (subscription required)
  85. ^ David Harding (9 August 2014). "World's oldest eel dies aged 155, Sweden mourns". The New York Daily News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  86. ^ Fenton, G.E; Short, S.A.; Ritz, D.A. (June 1991). "Age determination of orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus (Pisces: Trachichthyidae) using 210 Pb: 226 Ra disequilibria". Marine Biology. 109 (2): 197–202. doi: 10.1007/BF01319387. ISSN  0025-3162. S2CID  84942308.
  87. ^ "George the giant lobster liberated from restaurant - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  88. ^ Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23). "Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity". Communications Biology. 2 (1): 197. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0. ISSN  2399-3642. PMC  6533251. PMID  31149641.
  89. ^ Lackmann, Dr Alec R.; Sereda, Dr Jeff; Pollock, Dr Mike; Bryshun, Mr Reid; Chupik, Mrs Michelle; McCallum, Miss Katlin; Villeneuve, Mr James; Bielak-Lackmann, Mrs Ewelina S.; Clark, Dr Mark E. (2022-10-17). "Bet-hedging bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) recruit episodically over a 127-year timeframe in Saskatchewan". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 80 (2): 313–329. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2022-0122. S2CID  252988048. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  90. ^ "Wisconsin DNR catches and tags record 125-year-old sturgeon that's bigger than linebacker". Star Tribune. April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  91. ^ Guidetti, R. & Jönsson, K.I. (2002). "Long-term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans". Journal of Zoology. 257 (2): 181–187. CiteSeerX  10.1.1.630.9839. doi: 10.1017/S095283690200078X.
  92. ^ "Carcharodon carcharias". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  93. ^ TEGNA. "Oldest Southern Resident killer whale considered dead". KING. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  94. ^ Podt, Annemieke (2016-12-31). "Orca Granny: was she really 105?". Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  95. ^ Guinness world records 2001. Jim Pattison Group. 2000. p. 163. ISBN  9780553583755.
  96. ^ "Which mammal lives the longest?". Discover Wildlife. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  97. ^ Guinness World Records, 1999 edition, p. 102, ISBN  0-85112-070-9.
  98. ^ BBC News – South Asia (2006-03-23). "'Clive of India's' tortoise dies". BBC News. BBC Online. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  99. ^ "Week In Science: 6/23 – 6/29". Seed. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31.{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)
  100. ^ "Meet Jonathan, St Helena's 182-year-old giant tortoise". BBC News. 13 March 2014.
  101. ^ "Harriet the Tortoise dies at 175". BBC News. 23 June 2006.
  102. ^ "Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160". 2004-04-07. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  103. ^ Kwek, Glenda (2011-08-31). "Sydney's old crock of a cockie was a legend at 120". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
  104. ^ Bai, Nina (January 26, 2009). "111-Year-Old Reptile Becomes a Dad After Tumor Surgery". Discover. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  105. ^ Staff Reporter (2019-02-06). "Dakshayani, oldest Asian elephant, dies". The Hindu. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  106. ^ Yun-Ping, Chang (27 February 2003). "Nation mourns Lin Wang's death". taipeitimes.com. The Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  107. ^ Guinness world records 2017. Jim Pattison Group. 2016. p. 54. ISBN  9781904994862.
  108. ^ "Greater, the 83-year-old Adelaide Zoo flamingo, dies". The Australian. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  109. ^ Johnson, Steve (August 29, 2016). "Cookie the Cockatoo at Brookfield Zoo dies". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  110. ^ "Elderly alligator recovers after life-saving surgery". February 24, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  111. ^ Lazarević, Z. (22 August 2011). "Najstariji aligator na svetu živi u Beogradu". Blic.rs.
  112. ^ Burgeson, John (January 26, 2010). "Beardsley Zoo's Andean condor, world's oldest, dead at 80". The Connecticut Post. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  113. ^ Fears, Darryl. "Wisdom the albatross, the oldest known wild bird, just laid an egg at age 66". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 3 Feb 2017.
  114. ^ Meier, Allison (4 March 2013). "Morbid Monday: The Split Head of Old Billy, the World's Oldest Horse". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  115. ^ "Jurong Bird Park's pioneer generation vulture dies". CNA. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  116. ^ "'World's oldest' orang-utan dies". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 2002-12-31. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
  117. ^ "Andreas – oldest bear in the world dies in Greek sanctuary". The Bear Sanctuary.
  118. ^ Guinness world records 2005. Jim Pattison Group. 2004. p. 69. ISBN  9780851121925.
  119. ^ Har, Janie (Jan 1, 2016). "Oldest black rhinoceros in North America turns 45". Associated Press.
  120. ^ Mason, Leanda Denise; Wardell-Johnson, Grant; Main, Barbara York (2018). "The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere". Pacific Conservation Biology. 24 (2): 203–206. doi: 10.1071/PC18015. hdl: 20.500.11937/68826.
  121. ^ "Tributes pour in after oldest polar bear dies in Winnipeg". CBC.ca. November 18, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
  122. ^ Kruskop, Sergei V.; Borisenko, Alex V.; Ivanova, Natalia V.; Lim, Burton K.; Eger, Judith L. (June 1, 2012). "Genetic Diversity of Northeastern Palaearctic Bats as Revealed by DNA Barcodes". Acta Chiropterologica. 14 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.3161/150811012X654222. ISSN  1508-1109. S2CID  3899144.
  123. ^ Locke, Robert (2006). "Longest-lived mammals offer clues to better aging in humans". BATS Magazine. Austin, TX: Bat Conservation International. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  124. ^ Guinness World Records 2010. Bantam; Reprint edition. 2010. p. 320. ISBN  978-0-553-59337-2. The oldest cat ever was Creme Puff, who was born on August 3, 1967 and lived until August 6, 2005 – 38 years and 3 days in total.
  125. ^ a b Guinness world records 2005. Jim Pattison Group. 2004. p. 73. ISBN  9780851121925.
  126. ^ Guinness world records 2015. Jim Pattison Group. 2014. p. 64. ISBN  9781101883808.
  127. ^ a b Guinness world records 2014. Jim Pattison Group. 2013. p. 43. ISBN  9781908843159.
  128. ^ "Tiny California mouse wins Guinness award for longevity". AP NEWS. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2023-04-08.

Further reading

  • Rachel Sussman (2014). The Oldest Living Things in the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN  9780226057507.

External links