Most of these black slurs and all these African slurs apply also to
Cape Coloureds. People of mixed races in
South Africa are referred to as
Coloured with no derogatory connections.[1][2]
(South Africa)
Khoisans. Historically used against the Khoisan people in Southern Africa, referring to their nomadic lifestyle and reliance on the bush for survival.[10]
(US) a black person. Once generally accepted as inoffensive, this word is now considered disrespectful by some. The
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) continues to use its full name unapologetically. This is not to be confused with the term "
person of color" which is the preferred term for collectively referring to all non-white people.
Cotton picker
(US) Individuals of Black African descent.[11][12]
Coon
(US and UK) originally used by Europeans/white people as a pejorative term for a black person. Possibly from Portuguese barracos, a building constructed to hold slaves for sale (1837).[13] The term (though still also used in its original sense) is commonly used today by African or Black Americans towards members of the same race who are perceived to pander/kowtow to white people; to be a 'sellout'; to
hate themselves; or to "collud[e] with racism for personal gain."[14] It is often used against
black conservatives or Republicans (similar to Uncle Tom and
coconut).[15][16][17] Also used to slur
Cape Coloureds or
Coloureds in South Africa. The association of the term "coon" with the
coloured group expresses ambivalent feelings about their mixed-race ancestral background, and signifies
self-deprecation, subordination, and marginalization of the underprivileged.[18]
(US) a black person;[29] also the name for the
segregation laws prevalent in much of the United States until the
civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.[30]
(International) a black person. From the word negro, which means the color black in numerous languages. Diminutive
appellations include Nigg and Nigz. Over time, the terms nigga and niggaz (plural) have come to be frequently used between some
African or black diaspora without the negative associations of nigger. Considered very offensive and typically censored as "the n-word" even in reference to its use. The terms niggress, negress, and nigette are feminized formulations of the term.
(Australia) Chinese people, used in the late 1900s, a reference to their coming from the "
Celestial Empire" (i.e.
China).
Charlie
(US) A term used by American troops during the
Vietnam War as a shorthand for communist guerrillas: it was shortened from "Victor Charlie", the
radio code designation for the
Viet Cong, or VC.[49]
(North America) unskilled Asian laborer, usually Chinese (originally used in the 19th century for Chinese railroad laborers). Possibly from Mandarin ku li (苦力) or Hindi kuli, 'day laborer'.[53] Also racial epithet for
Indo-Caribbean people, especially in
Guyana and
Trinidad and Tobago.[54]
East Asian people, particularly aimed towards
Koreans.[55][56] The term originates from the
Korean War and comes from the Korean word for country. The Korean word for the United States of America is Mee Hap Joon Gook, which is shorten to the more familiar Mee Gook. Dae Han Min Gook or the People’s Republic of Korea is similarly shortened to Han Gook. The word was given a derogatory slant by American service men who used it to refer to Koreans. It was also used prominently during the Vietnam War, particularly towards the Viet Cong.[56]
(Predominantly US, used elsewhere) Refers to an East Asian person (of the
Orient) and/or their ethnicity.[58][59][60] In 2016, US President
Barack Obama signed a bill to remove the term Oriental, together with some others, as a reference to a person from federal laws.[61]
Slope
(Australia) a person of East Asian descent.
Yellow, Yellowman, or Yellowwoman
designating or pertaining to an East Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin complexion.[62]
(US) used by South-Asian diaspora for American-born South Asians, including Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi (mainly Indians, as they are the largest number of South Asians in the US) who are confused about their
cultural identity. This is often used humorously without any derogatory meaning.
Brownie
a brown-skinned person of South Asian, Arab, or Hispanic descent. Rarely used as someone of Native-American or Pacific-Island descent.[63]
Chee-chee
a Eurasian half-caste, probably from Hindi chi-chi fie, literally 'dirt'.[64]
(UK) pejorative for a person from South Asia (particularly Pakistan) and mainly used in the United Kingdom. First recorded in 1964[66] during increased immigration of Pakistanis to the United Kingdom and popularized during a heightened era of Paki-bashing.[67] Although considered the 'P-Word[66]' in the United Kingdom, it is colloquially used by Pakistanis in North America and elsewhere to refer to themselves and is not commonly perceived as deragatory when referred to as Paki by others.
Someone of Southeast Asian origin, particularly aimed towards a
Vietnamese person. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. Origin: 1965–70, Americanism.[68]
(US) a racial term used to refer to Filipino guerillas during the
Philippine–American War. The term came from gugo, the
Tagalog name for Entada phaseoloides or the St. Thomas bean, the bark of which was used by Filipinas to shampoo their hair. The term was a predecessor to the term
gook, a racial term used to refer to all Asian people.[70]
Hokkien word for foreigner, used to refer to non-Chinese Southeast Asian people and
Taiwanese aborigines, considered offensive by most non-Chinese speakers.[71][72]
pejorative term used by the US military for
Iraqis,[74] may also be used for other Muslims.[75][76] Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
(Malaysia and Singapore)
Hokkien for "red hair" referring to
Dutch people from the 17th century and expanded to all
white people by the 19th century, has become a neutral term in the 21st century.[78]
(Indonesia) white people; literally, "albino", but used to mean any white person, in the same way that "colored" might be used to refer to a black person.[80]
(UK) white people, especially older white men - based on the appearance of their faces.
Gora (गोरा, گورا), Goro (गोरो)
(India) a person of European descent or other light skinned person in
Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages. However, it has recently been connected to racism. "Gori" is the feminine form.[85][86][87][88]
(Hong Kong and South China) A White man. Gwei or kwai (鬼) means 'ghost', which the color white is associated with in China; and the term lo (佬) refers to a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke). Once a mark of
xenophobia, the word was promoted by
Maoists as insulting but is now in general, informal use.[91]
(Hawaii) Usually not offensive, can be derogatory if intended to offend. Used by modern-day
Native Hawaiians to refer to anyone of European descent whether native born or not. Use has spread to many other islands of the Pacific and is known in modern pop culture.[92]
(US) A
Central European laborer. It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe (Hungarians [
Magyar],
Rusyns,
Slovaks) came to perform hard manual labor on the mines.[93]
Land thief
(South Africa) a white person from South Africa. The term implies that white people stole land from black people during the Apartheid era, and are therefore responsible for the current economic and social inequalities in the country.[47]
Mangiacake
(Canada) used by
Italian Canadians for those of
Anglo-Saxon or
Northwestern European descent. Mangiacake literally translates to '
cake eater', and one suggestion is that this term originated from the perception of Italian immigrants that Canadian or North American white bread is sweet as cake in comparison to the rustic bread eaten by Italians.[94]
term used by Chilean officers to refer to Peruvians during the
War of the Pacific (1879–1883).[102]
Greaseball
(US) Can refer to a person of Italian or Hispanic descent.[103] More generally, it can also refer to anyone of Mediterranean or Latin American descent.[104]
A person of Hispanic descent. First recorded use in 1915. Theories include it originating from "no spik English" (originally "spiggoty", from "no speak-o t'e English"). Also used for someone who speaks the Spanish language. In the early 20th century, "spic", "spig", and "spigotty" were also similarly used against Italian immigrants in the United States and Italians in general, as well as Portuguese people.[105]
Originally used by Colombians to refer to Colombians returned from Venezuela, now used in parts of South America to refer to Venezuelan Immigrants.[108]
A Latin American person. Originally applied specifically to Mexican migrant workers who had crossed the Rio Grande border river illegally to find work in the United States, its meaning has since broadened.
(US especially) Greaseball generally refers to a person of
Italian descent. Meanwhile, though it may be used as a shortening of greaseball to refer to Italians, greaser has been more often applied to Hispanic Americans or
Mexican Americans. However, greaseball (and to a lesser extent, greaser) can also refer to any person of
Mediterranean/
Southern European descent or
Hispanic descent, including Greeks, Spaniards, and the Portuguese, as well as Latin Americans.[112][104]Greaser also refer to members of a
1950-1960s subculture which
Italian Americans and
Hispanic Americans were stereotyped to be a part of.
(Australia) used for the first wave of Southern European immigrants to Australia and their descendants that contrasted with the dominant Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Celtic colonial stock. Used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans, including the Spanish, Italians, Greeks, Macedonians, Lebanese, Arabs, Croatians and Serbians.
A brown-skinned person, or someone of Indigenous Australian, American, or Canadian descent, as well as of those of Hispanic or South Asian descent.[63]
Chug
(Canada) refers to an individual of
aboriginal descent.[114] From the native people
Chugach.
Eskimo, Eskimo Pie
an indigenous person from the
Arctic. Once a common term in Canada, Eskimo has come to be considered offensive and Inuit (or Inuk) is now preferred. Eskimo Pie has also been used against Inuk persons.[115]
People indigenous to the Americas, termed by Columbus due to the fact he thought he arrived in the East Indies. The term is considered offensive by few, but is still used within the
Canadian legal system.[116]
refers specifically to Native American children, although sometimes used to refer to children in general. From the Algonquian language family and generally inoffensive when used in such contexts.[117]
(US and Canada) a female Native American.[120] Derived from the lower East-Coast
Algonquian language
Massachusett term ussqua,[121] which originally meant 'young woman', but which took on strong negative connotations in the late 20th century.
a term used by modern
Mapuche as an insult for Mapuche considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, 'sellout'.[124] Use of the word yanacona to describe people have led legal action in Chile.[124]
(Australia) an
Aboriginal Australian. Originally, this was simply an informal term for Aborigine, and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves until it started to be considered offensive in the 1950s. In remoter areas, Aboriginal people still often refer to themselves (quite neutrally) as Blackfellas (and white people as Whitefellas). Although Abo is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative boong is now more commonly used when the intent is deliberately to offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal.[125]
Boong / bong / bung
(Australia) an Aboriginal Australian.[126]Boong, pronounced with
ʊ (like the vowel in bull), is related to the
Australian-English slang word bung, meaning 'dead', 'infected', or 'dysfunctional'. From bung comes the phrase to go bung, "to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. bong dead]."[127] The term was first used in 1847 by J. D. Lang in Cooksland.[128] The (Oxford)
Australian National Dictionary gives its origin in the
Wemba word for 'man' or 'human being'.[129]
People of
mixed race of African, Asian & European descent.[135] While the term "
coloured" may be seen as offensive in some other western countries, such as Britain and the United States of America,[136] it is currently treated as a neutral description in Southern Africa for people of mixed race.[137]
mildly derogative term for
white South Africans, especially those of
Afrikaner descent. From the Afrikaans term plaasjapie, meaning 'farm boy',[138] and from the common Afrikaans first name
Japie, a diminutive of Jacobus.
(Australia) used for the first wave of Southern European immigrants in Australia and their descendants, contrasting with the dominant Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Celtic colonial stock. Originally used mostly for
Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans, including the Spanish, Italians, Greeks, and Macedonians, expanded to include Mediterranean people of the Middle East or Levantine, including the Lebanese.
(mostly US) used for
Ashkenazi Jews. Possibly from Yiddish kikel, 'circle', as immigrant Jews who could not read English often signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X", to which Jews objected because such also symbolizes a cross).[143]
term for Jews, derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews.[144] In English, yid can be used both as a neutral or derogatory term,[144] whereas the Russian zhyd came to be a pejorative term banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s.[145][146] However, in most other
Slavic languages (e.g. Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian), the term simply translates to 'Jew' (e.g. Polish:
żyd) and is thus not a pejorative.
Argentine term for British people, meaning 'pirate' in English. Used before and during the
Falklands conflict.[148]
Scots
Jock
(UK) used in
Southern England,[149] occasionally used as an insult. The term became an offensive word during the war of succession with England when all Scots were referred to as Jocks.[150]
(Wales) an anglicised Welsh person, an individual who speaks English and refuses to speak Welsh, or someone who turned their back on the Welsh nation.[154]
a Welsh person, arose during the industrial revolution, when many Welsh families settled in mining towns outside of Wales, or even English miners settled in Wales for work, thus; expressed a distrust for people who spoke a different language to the English.[156]
Dutch
Kaaskop
Literally translates to "Cheesehead". Can also refer specifically to people from the
Holland region when used by people in the southern Netherlands and
Belgium[157]
Tatta
Dutch person of native descent. The term originated from Dutch
straattaal[
nl], a type of urban slang. It is derived from the
Sranan Tongo word for potatoes (patata), which the Dutch are known to eat. Sometimes used to generically mean "person".[158]
Apheresis of the word alboche, which in turn is a blend of allemand (French for German) and caboche (slang for 'head'). Used mainly during the First and Second World Wars, and directed especially at German soldiers.[159]
Chleuh
a term with racial connotations, derived from the name of the
Chleuh, a North African ethnicity. It also denotes the absence of words beginning in Schl- in French. It was used mainly in World War II, but is also used now in a less offensive way.
Hermans, Herms
Based on the common German name
Hermann, pronounced to rhyme with "German".[160]
Initially seen on Allied war propaganda during
World War I. An allusion to the legendary savagery of
Attila the Hun, referenced by
KaiserWilhelm II in a speech given in 1900, exhorting his troops to be similarly brutal and relentless in suppressing the
Boxer Rebellion in
China.
Jerry, Gerry
Rhyming slang (i.e.,
Jerry the German), primarily used in the First and Second World Wars by the British and other English-speaking nations. Based on the common given nickname
Jerry, short for Jeremiah, Gerald, and other similar-sounding names.[citation needed]
a German, used in Anglophone nations since World War II. The term is probably based on sauerkraut, which is popular in various South-German cuisines but traditionally not prepared in North Germany.
Marmeladinger
From Southern German/Austrian marmelade, '
jam'. The origins can be traced to the trenches of World War I: while Austrian infantry rations included butter and lard as spread, German troops had to make do with cheaper marmelade as
ersatz, which they disdainfully called Heldenbutter ('Hero's butter') or Hindenburgfett.[161]
Mof
Germans, reflecting Dutch resentment of the German occupation of the Netherlands during the Second World War. It is the second most common term in Dutch for the German people, after the regular/official term (Duitse).[162]
Nazi
Used against any German or German-American without regard to their politics or family history, even towards those who suffered under the Nazi regime.
Piefke
a German, used by
Austrians, derived from the name of Prussian military composer and band-leader
Johann Gottfried Piefke. Like its Bavarian counterpart Saupreiß ('sow-Prussian'), the term Piefke historically characterized the people of Prussia only.[163]
Irish, derived from the widespread occurrence of
peat bogs in central Ireland and the attendant Irish practice of
peat cutting for fuel.[166]
Mick
(US and UK) an Irishman. Like Mickey, Mike, and Mikey, Mick is a common abbreviation or nickname for Michael (in English) or Mícheál (its equivalent in
Irish), which are common names for Irish males (such as
Mick McCarthy).[167][168]
Paddy
an Irish man, derived from a nickname for
Pádraig, a common Irish name for males after
St. Patrick, the
patron saint of
Ireland. The term is not always intended to be derogatory—for instance, it was used by
Taoiseach-in-waiting
Enda Kenny in February 2011.[169]
Prod
abbreviation for Protestant, especially
Northern Ireland Protestants, often used alongside Taig (Irish Catholics) in expressions such as both Taigs and Prods. Like other such abbreviations everywhere, it is often used for convenience, as a friendly nickname, or as self-description, usually without any offense being intended, and usually without any offense being taken.
(Italy) a neutral term used by people from
Sardinia and
Sicily to indicate someone's origin from the
Italian peninsula;[171][172] in Sardinia, the word has taken on the general meaning of "non-Sardinian."[173]
(US) a person of Italian descent. Possibly originally from the common Spanish first name
Diego.
Eyetie
(US) a person of Italian descent, derived from the mispronunciation of Italian as eye-talian.[174][175]
Gino / Gina
(Canada) A person of Italian descent who exhibits certain exaggerated "ethnic" characteristics such as excessive jewellery, big hair, and open shirts (for males).[176]
(US) a person of Italian or Hispanic descent.[103] In particular, greaser also referred to
members of the 1950s subculture that Italians were stereotyped to be a part of.
(US) an Italian American male. Used mostly in the
Northeastern United States as a stereotype for working-class urban Italian-Americans. Derives from the
Italian given name
Guido.[178]
Guinea
(US) someone of Italian descent, most likely derived from "
Guinea Negro", implying that Italians are dark or swarthy-skinned like the natives of
Guinea.[179]
Macaronar
(Romania) used for Italians in general, roughly meaning "
macaroni eater/maker".[180]
(Aus) the first wave of Southern European immigrants in Australia and their descendants, contrasting with the dominant Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Celtic colonial stock. Used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans, including the Spanish, Italians, Greeks, Macedonians, Lebanese, Arabs, Croatians and Serbians.
(US) an ethnic term for anyone of Italian descent, derived from the
Neapolitan word guappo, close to 'dude, swaggerer' and other informal appellations.[183][184] Some etymologies popularly, but inaccurately, provided that it stands for "
With Out Passport/Papers or "
Working On Pavement", supposedly derived from Italians that arrived to North America as immigrants without papers and worked in construction and blue collar work. These acronyms are dismissed as
folk etymology or
backronyms by etymologists.
Sardinians
Sardegnolo, sardignòlo, sardignuolo, sardagnòlo
(Italy) often used to refer to the
Sardinians by people from mainland Italy and Sicily; depending on the latter's local dialect, the term might also present itself in the form of sardignòlo, sardignuolo,[185] or sardagnòlo.[186][187] In Italy, Sardinia used to be considered a
place of exile[188][189] and sardigna, by extension, a
metonymy for 'place where to dump dead or infected animals'.[190][191] Being also employed in reference to animals indigenous to the island,[186] and especially to the donkeys to which the Sardinians were often associated in mockery by the Piedmontese rulers,[192] the term might be used in a derogatory fashion to imply some likening to them.[193][194][195]
Sheep shagger
(Italy) used in a variety of Italian renditions by people from mainland Italy and Sicily, to refer to the Sardinians as a people whose men rather engage in
bestiality than in sexual intercourse with a fellow human.[196][197]
(Chile) used in Chile to refer to Spaniards given the perception that Spaniards recurrently use of the vulgar interjection coño ("cunt").[164]
Godo
(Chile) Spaniard, in reference to their
Goth ancestry[164]
Russians
Russki, Russkie
a term for "
Russian" that is sometimes disparaging when used by foreigners.[207] However, in the Russian language, it is a neutral term that simply means an
ethnic Russian, as opposed to a citizen of the
Russian Federation.
(US and New Zealand) a European person. Derived from an African American pronunciation of
hunky, the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a European-American person dates from the 1950s.[214] In New Zealand, honky is used by Māori to refer to New Zealanders of European descent.[215]
rural people. In the 1940s, the abbreviated version wood entered California prison slang, originally meaning an
Okie mainly from the San Joaquin Valley. This has caused the symbol of the woodpecker to be used by
white power skinheads and other pro-European groups.
Uncontracted, Yankee remains in use in the
American South in reference to
Northerners; contracted, Yank is employed internationally by speakers of
British English in a neutral reference to all Americans (first recorded 1778).[218] The term was first applied by the Dutch colonists of
New Amsterdam to
Connecticuters and other residents of
New England, possibly from Dutch Janke ('Johnny') or from Jan Kees ('John Cheese').[218]
Cuban exiles. The term was coined by
Fidel Castro, who called Cubans leaving in the
Freedom Flightsgusanos ('worms') and insisted the Cuban exiles were capitalists who had profited during the pre-Castro era.[226][227][228]
Jews of the Caribbean
Cubans living in Puerto Rico. Called "Jews" in reference to the economic success of Cubans in Puerto Rico.[229]
Palestino
Eastern Cubans living in Havana, often with implication that they are black and/or an illegal migrant. The term "Palestino" means "Palestinian" in English. The term refers to the fact that Eastern Cubans are often refused entry into
Havana, and those who illegally migrate are compared to
Palestinian refugees.[230]
Tally wop
black Cubans, used by Anglo Americans in 1900s Tampa.[224]
Crossed ethnicities
African-European
Coon
(US) first used as by white people, the pejorative term is commonly used by African Americans or Black Americans today towards African/Black Americans who are perceived to pander/kowtow to white people; to be a 'sellout'; to
hate themselves; or to "collud[e] with racism for personal gain."[14] Often used against
black conservatives or Republicans.[15][16][17] (Similar to Uncle Tom and
coconut.)
(Americas, originally) a term used to refer to a person who is born from one white parent. The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory, especially in the African American community. The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult. Historically in the American South, the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans, and African Americans in general. In early American history, the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry.
Africans who practice white culture,
referring to an oreo cookie: "black on the outside, white on the inside".
Aunt Jemima / Aunt Jane / Aunt Mary / Aunt Sally / Aunt Thomasina
(US) a term, used by black people, for a black woman who "kisses up" to white people; a "sellout"; a female counterpart of
Uncle Tom. (Similar to
Coconut.)[233] The term is taken from the
popular syrup of the same name, wherein the titular Aunt Jemima is represented as a black woman.[234]
Afro-Saxon
(North America) a young white male devotee of black pop culture.[235]
Ann, Miss Ann
a term used by black people to either denote a white woman or a black woman who acts too much like a white one. While Miss Ann (or just plain Ann) is a derisive reference to the white woman, by extension it is applied to any black woman who puts on airs and tries to act like Miss Ann.[236][237]
a slang term for a white person who
allophilically emulates mannerisms, slangs (
ebonics), and fashions stereotypically associated with urban African Americans; especially in relation to hip hop culture.
used in the
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany to refer to
Afro-German children of mixed German and African parentage, who were fathered by Africans serving as French colonial troops occupying the Rhineland after World War I.
(Americas, originally) a person who is born from one white parent. The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory, especially in the African American community. The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult. Historically in the American South, the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans, and African Americans in general. In early American history, the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry.
are racial terms used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry (the analogous English term, considered a slur, is sambo).
(US) a term used for American-born South Asian, such as Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, who are confused about their cultural identity. This is often used humorously without any derogatory meaning.
Banana
(North America, UK, and Malaysia) an East Asian person living in a Western country (e.g. East Asian American) who is "yellow on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by East Asian people to indicate someone who has lost touch with the cultural identity of his or her parents.[238]
Coconut
(US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand) Named for
coconuts, which are brown on the outside and white on the inside, the term is used globally for a person of color who adapts to, or is adopted by, European society. This term is used in the United States for a person of Hispanic or South Asian descent,[239] in the United Kingdom for
British Asian people,[240][241][242] and in Australia and New Zealand for a
Pacific Islander.[243]
(Americas, originally) a term used to refer to a person who is born from one white parent. The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory, especially in the African American community. The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult. Historically in the American South, the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans, and African Americans in general. In early American history, the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry.
Apple
(North America) a
Native American who is "red on the outside, white on the inside". First used in the 1970s, the term is primarily employed by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity.[244]
Derived from "Egyptian", Egypt being mistakenly considered these people's origin. The name gypsy is embraced by some Romani and rejected by others.[245][246][247]
Cigan, Zigeuner
(
Serbia) derives from
Athinganoi, Greek for "untouchable", on the belief they were connected to a
Manichean sect.[248][249] The German equivalent is Zigeuner.[250] The related Russian word цыгане (tsygane), however, is used in a neutral manner, but is becoming dated and replaced with the Russian equivalent of Romani.[251]
^Spears (2001), p. 10.; also, Zoo Ape or Jungle Ape
^Dominelli, Lena (1986). Love and wages: the impact of imperialism, State intervention and women's domestic labour on workers' control in Algeria 1962-1972. Novata. p. 123.
^
abGoings, Kenneth (1994) Mammy and Uncle Mose: Black Collectibles and American Stereotyping, Bloomington:
Indiana University Press,
ISBN0-253-32592-7
^Tong, Chee Kiong (2010). Identity and ethnic relations in Southeast Asia. Springer. p. 231.
ISBN978-90-481-8908-3.
^Katz, Paul R.; Murray A. Rubinstein (2003). Religion and the formation of Taiwanese identities. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 279.
^R. Elangaiyan (2007). "Foundation for Endangered Languages". Vital voices: endangered languages and multilingualism: proceedings of the Tenth FEL Conference, CIIL, Mysore, India, 25-27 October, 2006. Central Institute of Indian Languages.
ISBN978-09-538-2488-5.
^Flynn, Chris (2010-10-01).
"The language of war". Overland literary journal. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
^
abChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cracker" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 359; see last four lines. In the southern states of America, "cracker" is a term of contempt for the "poor" or "mean whites," particularly of Georgia and Florida
^Sperduto Oliver, Elvira.
"The Joy of Growing Up Italian". John Pirelli Lodge #1633 Osdia.
Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^Warman v. Beaumont,
CHRT (Canadian Human Rights Commission 2007) ("I haven't seen the new $50 bills, but the $20s and $100s I have seen. I have talked with a few people about them (who aren't WN) but they don't like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills. I mean, who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug? Not me!").
^Kline Jr., Hibberd V. B. (1958).
"The Union of South Africa". The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. Chicago, Field Enterprises Educational Corp. p. 8254.
^Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011).
"Coloured". Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 283.
ISBN978-0-19-960111-0.
^Mally, Anton Karl. 1984. "Herkunft und Rolle eines österreichischen Spitznamens für den Preußen, den Nord-und den Reichsdeutschen." Muttersprache 4:257–86.
^McCabe, James (6 December 2011).
"Language and Landscapes of Ireland". In Marie Mianowski (ed.). Irish Contemporary Landscapes in Literature and the Arts. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 56.
ISBN978-0-230-36029-7. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
^The names Micheal and Mícheál are derived from
St. Michael, variants of whose name (such as Michel in French, and Michelle in both English and French) are common for both genders throughout the Western world (not just for Irish males).
^""Paddy likes to know what the story is" – Ireland's Taoiseach-in-waiting promises to tell the truth".
TheJournal.ie. February 26, 2011.
Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015. Enda Kenny says once he has the full facts about the economic crisis, he'll keep us informed. ... He promised that the Irish people would be kept informed of the economic situation, saying: The incoming government is not going to leave our people in the dark …Paddy likes to know what the story is.
^<<L’impiego di continente e di continentale, diffuso in tutta l’area sarda, rivela un significato peculiare poiché (come nota Dettori 2007) con questi lessemi i sardi si riferiscono non solo alla penisola italiana e ai suoi abitanti, ma anche alla Sicilia e ai siciliani.>> Ines Loi Corvetto (2011).
"Sardegna, italiano di in "Enciclopedia dell'italiano"". Treccani.
^Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, UTET, Torino, V. XX, pp.961-962
^wop. Dictionary.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian.
"Wop".
Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^Ant1 NewsArchived 2008-03-02 at the
Wayback Machine, Ώρα μηδέν για το Σκοπιανό (Time Zero for the Skopjan issue), Retrieved on 2008-03-02.
^eriot, P. (1997) "Faut-il que les langues aient un nom? Le cas du macédonien", in Andrée Tabouret-Keller (éd.) : Le nom des langues. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues, vol. 1, (Louvain : Peeters), pp. 167–190.
^Androitis, N. P. (1966) The Federative Republic of Skopje and its Language. (Athens)
^Aguirre, B.E. (1994). "Cuban Mass Migration and the Social Construction of Deviants". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 13 (2): 155–183.
doi:
10.2307/3338273.
JSTOR3338273.
Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Simon & Schuster. (Chapter 2)
Douglass, Joesph H., and Hiley H. Hill. The American Negro and the South African Cape Coloured: A Comparative Study of a Class of Human Phenomena. Association for the Study of African American Life and History. (Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 147–152) Available at:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44176680
Spears, Richard A. (2001). Slang and Euphemism: A Dictionary of Oaths, Curses, Insults, Ethnic Slurs, Sexual Slang and Metaphor, Drug Talk, College Lingo, and Related Matters. Signet.
ISBN978-0-451-20371-7.
Hughes, Geoffrey. 2006. An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, And Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World. M.E. Sharpe.