List_of_almond_diseases References

This article is a list of diseases of almonds (Prunus dulcis).

Bacterial diseases

Leaf scorch/Golden death	Xylella fastidiosa^[1]^[2]
Bacterial blast	Pseudomonas syringae^[3]
Bacterial canker	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae^[2]
Bacterial hyperplastic canker	Pseudomonas amygdali
Bacterial spot	Xanthomonas pruni ( syn. X. campestris pv. pruni)
Crown gall	Agrobacterium tumefaciens^[1]

Mycoplasmal diseases

Brown line and decline	See § Peach yellow leaf roll phytoplasma. Called Peach yellow leafroll mycoplasma in some sources.^[1]

Phytoplasmal diseases

Brown line and decline^[2] Kernel shrivel^[2]	Peach yellow leaf roll phytoplasma^[4]^[1]
European stone fruit yellows^[2]	European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma
Western X disease^[2]	Western-X phytoplasma

Fungal diseases

For treatment in the US, see Fungicide use in the United States#Almonds.

Alternaria leaf spot	Alternaria alternata^[1]^[2]
Anthracnose	Colletotrichum acutatum^[1]^[2]
Armillaria root rot^[2]	Armillaria mellea Rhizomorpha subcorticalis [anamorph]
Band canker^[2] = Dothiorella canker^[2]	Botryosphaeria dothidea Dothiorella sp. [anamorph]
Fusarium root rot	Fusarium spp.
Brown rot^[2]	Monilinia fructicola
Brown rot blossom blight or "brown rot"	Monilinia laxa^[1]^[2] Monilinia sp. [anamorph]
Ceratocystis canker	Ceratocystis fimbriata^[2]
Green fruit rot^[2]	Botrytis cinerea Botryotinia fuckeliana [teleomorph] Monilinia fructicola Monilinia laxa Monilinia sp. [anamorph] Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Hull rot^[2]	Monilinia spp.^[1] Monilinia fructicola Monilinia laxa Rhizopus arrhizus Rhizopus circinans Rhizopus stolonifer^[1]
Kernel decay	Aspergillus niger^[2] A. flavus^[2] A. parasiticus^[2]
Leaf blight^[2]	Discostroma corticola Seimatosporium lichenicola [anamorph]
Leaf curl^[2]	Taphrina deformans
Leucostoma canker^[2]	Leucostoma cincta Leucocytospora cincta [anamorph] Leucostoma persoonii Leucocytospora leucostoma [anamorph]
Phomopsis canker and fruit rot^[2]	Phomopsis amygdali = Fusicoccum amygdali
Phytophthora root and crown rot^[2]	Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cambivora Phytophthora cinnamomi Phytophthora citricola Phytophthora citrophthora Phytophthora cryptogea Phytophthora drechsleri Phytophthora megasperma Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica Phytophthora syringae
Powdery mildew	Podosphaera tridactyla var. tridactyla^[2] Oidium passerinii [anamorph]^[2] Sphaerotheca pannosa [anamorph]^[2]
Pythium root rot	Pythium spp.
Red leaf blotch	Polystigma ochraceum^[2]
Rust = Stone fruit rust	Tranzschelia discolor^[2]
Scab^[2]	Venturia carpophila Cladosporium carpophilum [anamorph]
Shot hole^[2]	Wilsonomyces carpophilus ^[1] = Stigmina carpophila
Silver leaf	Chondrostereum purpureum^[2]
Verticillium wilt = Blackheart^[2]	Verticillium dahliae^[1]^[2]

Nematode diseases

Nematode diseases of almond^[2] include:

Dagger nematode^[5]	Xiphinema americanum
Ring nematode	Mesocriconema xenoplax
Root-knot nematode	Meloidogyne arenaria Meloidogyne hapla Meloidogyne incognita Meloidogyne javanica
Root-lesion nematode	Pratylenchus penetrans Pratylenchus dulscus

Viral diseases

Viruses infecting almond^[2] include:

Calico	genus Ilarvirus, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV)
Enation	genus Nepovirus, Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)
Infectious bud failure	genus Ilarvirus, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV)
Peach mosaic	Cherry mottle leaf virus
Peach yellow bud mosaic	genus Nepovirus, Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders

Unknown or non-infectious disorders^[2] include:

Bryobia mite	insect infestation
Corky growth (on leaves)	Physiological
Corky spot (on kernels)	Unknown
Foamy canker	Unknown
Noninfectious bud failure = Crazy top	Genetic
Nonproductive syndrome = Bull trees	Unknown
Union mild etch	Unknown

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Almond - Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation". PlantVillage. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak "Diseases of Almond". American Phytopathological Society. 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ "Bacterial Blast in Almond". West Coast Nut. Western Agricultural Processors Association. 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ Bragard, Claude; Dehnen‐Schmutz, Katharina; Gonthier, Paolo; Jaques Miret, Josep Anton; Justesen, Annemarie Fejer; MacLeod, Alan; Magnusson, Christer Sven; Milonas, Panagiotis; Navas‐Cortes, Juan A.; Parnell, Stephen; Potting, Roel; Reignault, Philippe Lucien; Thulke, Hans‐Hermann; Van der Werf, Wopke; Civera, Antonio Vicent; Yuen, Jonathan; Zappalà, Lucia; Bosco, Domenico; Chiumenti, Michela; Di Serio, Francesco; Galetto, Luciana; Marzachì, Cristina; Pautasso, Marco; Jacques, Marie‐Agnès (2020). "Pest categorisation of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L." EFSA Journal. 18 (1). European Food Safety Authority (Wiley). doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929. hdl: 2318/1733087. ISSN 1831-4732. S2CID 214229451.
^ "Nematodes / Almond / Agriculture: Pest Management". UC Integrated Pest Management (UC IPM). UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR).

Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society
The Almond Doctor University of California Cooperative Extension Website containing descriptions of almond diseases and pests.

[PlantVillage-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Almond - Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation". PlantVillage. Retrieved 2022-05-17.

[APS-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak "Diseases of Almond". American Phytopathological Society. 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2022-05-17.

[West-Coast-Nut-3] "Bacterial Blast in Almond". West Coast Nut. Western Agricultural Processors Association. 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2022-05-17.

[Bragard-et-al-2020-4] Bragard, Claude; Dehnen‐Schmutz, Katharina; Gonthier, Paolo; Jaques Miret, Josep Anton; Justesen, Annemarie Fejer; MacLeod, Alan; Magnusson, Christer Sven; Milonas, Panagiotis; Navas‐Cortes, Juan A.; Parnell, Stephen; Potting, Roel; Reignault, Philippe Lucien; Thulke, Hans‐Hermann; Van der Werf, Wopke; Civera, Antonio Vicent; Yuen, Jonathan; Zappalà, Lucia; Bosco, Domenico; Chiumenti, Michela; Di Serio, Francesco; Galetto, Luciana; Marzachì, Cristina; Pautasso, Marco; Jacques, Marie‐Agnès (2020). "Pest categorisation of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L." EFSA Journal. 18 (1). European Food Safety Authority (Wiley). doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929. hdl: 2318/1733087. ISSN 1831-4732. S2CID 214229451.

[nematodes-UCANR-5] "Nematodes / Almond / Agriculture: Pest Management". UC Integrated Pest Management (UC IPM). UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR).

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