Liquefied natural gas (
LNG) is the liquefied form of natural gas, which has a much smaller volume than natural gas in its gaseous form. This liquefied condition is used to facilitate the carriage of
natural gas over long distances, often by sea, in specialized tanks.
LNG port terminals are purpose-built port terminals designed to accommodate large
LNG carrier ships designed to load, carry and unload
LNG. These LNG terminals are located adjacent to a gas liquefaction and storage plant (export), or to a gas regasification and storage plant (import), which are themselves connected to gas pipelines connected to on-shore or off-shore gas fields (export) or to storage and distribution plants (import).
Portovaya LNG, near the
Nord Stream 1 compressor station at Portovaya, near
Vyborg, Leningrad oblast. It started operation on two trains in September 2022.[2]
Qatar LNG total production will increase from 77 million tonnes per annum(mtpa) in 2021(21% export market share) to 110 mtpa in 2026, then 126 mtpa in 2027.[6][7]
Hammerfest LNG, liquifies gas from the
Snøhvit undersea field. Located at
Hammerfest, Norway. Operated by
Equinor ASA.
Risavika Liquefaction Plant, Risavika,
Sola, Norway. Operated by North Sea Midstream Partners Limited (NSMP). Liquifies both natural gas and
biogas by pipeline from
Kårstø.
Hamina, Hamina LNG terminal. Joint venture of Haminan Energia Oy,
Alexela and
Wärtsilä.[32] The terminal offers truck loading and LNG ship bunkering as well as regasification for both local industry and the Finnish national gas grid.[33] Full open market access begins on 1. October 2022.[34]
Pori, LNG terminal. Owner a Gasum company Skangas Oy (LNG regasification & LNG distribution)[35][36][37]
Manga LNG terminal, Röyttä,
Tornio. Owners
Outokumpu Oyj, SSAB Oy, Skangas Oy and EPV Energia Oy (LNG regasification & LNG distribution)[38][39]
France
LNG Terminal Fos-Cavaou [
fr] in
Fos-sur-Mer near
Marseille. Operated by
Fosmax LNG, a subsidiary of
Elengy [
fr], itself a subsidiary of
Engie. Entered service in 2010, total storage capacity of 330,000 m3, 1 jetty, and a regasification capacity of 8,250,000,000 m3 per year.
LNG Terminal Fos-Tonkin [
fr] in Fos-sur-Mer near Marseille. Operated by Elengy, a subsidiary of Engie. Entered service in 1972, total storage capacity of 150,000 m3, 1 jetty and a regasification capacity of 5,500,000,000 m3 per year.
LNG Terminal Loon-Plage [
fr] in
Loon-Plage, near
Dunkirk. Founded by
Électricité de France (65%),
Fluxys (25%) and
Total S.A. (10%), and then changed in 2018 with the terminal being owned and operated by Dunkerque LNG, a company 61% owned by a consortium made up of Belgium gas infrastructure group Fluxys, AXA Investment Managers-Real Assets, and Crédit Agricole Assurances, and 39% owned by a consortium of Korean investors led by IPM Group in cooperation with
Samsung Asset Management. Entered service in 2017, total storage capacity of 600,000 m3, 2 jetties, and a regasification capacity of 13,000,000,000 m3 per year.[40]
LNG Terminal Montoir-de-Bretagne [
fr], in
Montoir-de-Bretagne near
Nantes. Operated by Elengy, a subsidiary of Engie. Entered service in 1980, total storage capacity of 360,000 m3, 2 jetties, and a regasification capacity of 10,000,000,000 m3 per year.
Greece
Revithoussa LNG Terminal, on Revithoussa island near
Athens. Operated by
DESFA, a subsidiary of
DEPA. Entered service in 1999, total storage capacity of 225,000 m3, 1 jetty, and a
regasification capacity of 12,200,000,000 m3 per year.
India
Bhavnagar CNG Terminal, world's first CNG terminal
Chennai LNG Terminal
Konkan LNG Private Limited, Dabhol,
Maharashtra, 5 million
tonnes per year.
Dahej Terminal,
Petronet LNG Ltd, Gujarat - 15 million tonnes per year[41] and 17.5 million tonnes per year by 2018 end.
Dhamra LNG Terminal
Ennore LNG Terminal
Krishnapatnam FSRU
GAIL Kakinada FSRU
Hazira Terminal,
Shell Ltd, Gujarat - 5 million tonnes per year[41]
Panigaglia LNG Terminal [
it], near
La Spezia. Operated by
GNL Italia [
it], a subsidiary of
Snam. Entered service in 1971, total storage capacity of 100,000 m3, 1 jetty, and a regasification capacity of 3,864,000,000 m3 per year.[43]
Toscana LNG Terminal [
it], offshore near
Livorno. Operated by
OLT Offshore (a joint venture of
Iren (company) [
it] (49.07%),
Uniper (48.24%), and
Golar LNG (2.69%)). Entered service in 2013, total storage capacity of 137,100 m3, 1 jetty, and an authorized regasification capacity of 3,750,000,000 m3 per year.[44]
Eemshaven LNG Terminal (EemsEnergyTerminal). Floating, operated by
Gasunie, opened September 2022[48][49]
Norway
Mosjøen LNG-terminal,
Mosjøen. Operated by
Gasnor AS. Provides LNG delivery by truck, to augment production of liquid
biogas from waste.[50]
Øra LNG-terminal,
Fredrikstad. Operated by
Gasum Oy. Supplies pipeline natural gas to local industrial area, as well as LNG bunkering for vessels and LNG delivery by truck.[50][51]
Ålesund LNG-terminal, Bingsa,
Ålesund. Operated by
Gasum Oy. Supplies pipeline gas to local industry and LNG delivery by truck. Opened in 2010.[52]
Pakistan
Engro Enengy Terminal Private Limited (EETPL), Port Qasim, Karachi[53]
Pakistan GasPort Consortium Limited (PGPC)—the wholly owned subsidiary of Pakistan GasPort Limited (PGPL)—owns and operates the 750mmscfd LNG import terminal at Mazhar Point, Port Qasim, Karachi.[citation needed][54]
Lysekil LNG terminal,
Lysekil. Joint venture by
Gasum Oy and
Preem. Delivers LNG by truck as well as pipeline gas to Preem's oil refinery. Opened in 2014.[58]
Nynäshamn LNG, Brunnviksholmen,
Nynäshamn. Operated by
Gasum Oy. Delivers LNG by truck and LNG bunker, as well as pipeline gas to local industrial grid. Operation started in 2011 and partly opened to open market in 2021.[59]
Map Ta Phut LNG Terminal Phase#1: 2 x 160,000 m3 for Tanks Capacity,
PTT and
EGAT Phase#2: extra tanks (same size). Phase#1 Completed & Commenced Commercial Operation Date in 2011.(First commissioning by LNG vessel in May 2011. 5 million
tonnes per year, additional 5 million tonnes per year by 2017 under construction)
The United States has had a massive shift in LNG terminal planning and construction starting in 2010-2011 due to a rapid increase in US domestic natural gas supply with the widespread adoption of horizontal drilling, combined with
hydraulic fracturing petroleum recovery technology. Many brand-new LNG import terminals are planning or have begun addition of liquefaction facilities to operate as export terminals.[citation needed]
On 21 November 2019, U.S. regulators approved permits for three new liquified natural gas export terminals in the Rio Grande Valley in Texas. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved permits for
Rio Grande LNG,
Annova LNG and
Texas LNG with each of the three companies intending to build their LNG plant and terminal at the
Port of Brownsville.[90] One month after approval, the Sierra Club and other environmental groups asked the FERC to reconsider the permits, saying the agency failed to adequately consider environmental impacts.[91][needs update]
Wheatstone LNG, is a liquefied natural gas plant operating in the Ashburton North Strategic Industrial Area, which is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Onslow, Western Australia. The project is operated by Chevron Australia Pty. Ltd. (COMPLETED 2019)
Alexandroupolis INGS, planned with total storage capacity of 170,000 m3, and a regasification capacity of 6,100,000,000 m3 per year.[111] Scheduled to become operational in March 2024
A terminal in Kanbauk in
Tanintharyi Region is expected to open in the middle of 2020, through JV of French company
Total and
Germany's
Siemens for the 1,230MW capacity in 48 months[121]
A terminal in Mee Laung Gyaing in
Ayeyarwady Region, is a US$2.5 Billion JV of
China's Zhefu and local
Myanmar company
Supreme Group will undertake a 1,390MW
LNG project, with the first phase to be completed in 36 months and full capacity ready in 42 months[122]
A terminal in Ahlone in
Yangon Region a
Thailand company TTCL – better known as Toyo Thai to will build a 356MW LNG plant. This is expected to be completed in 28 months[123]
A terminal in Kyaukphyu in
Rakhine State a JV of
China's Sinohydro and
Myanmar Local company
Supreme Group will build another 135MW combined-cycle gas turbine project which is expected to be completed in 28 months with the Ahlone terminal[124]
A terminal in
Cebu central Philippines of
Phinma Petroleum and Geothermal (PPG), floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) have already been completed and the entire project is expected to be completed in 2022[130]
Another US$1.7 billion LNG Terminal to power Luzon to be built by South Korea's SK E&S with signed MOU with he Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Philippines Department of Energy signed during the visit of the Philippine President
Rodrigo Duterte in South Korea[131]
Map Ta Phut LNG Terminal/ Project expansion for Phase 2.[citation needed]
Ukraine
Proposed terminal near
Odesa, on 26 November 2012 the
Ukrainian government and
Unión Fenosa (were believed to have) signed an agreement on its building but Unión Fenosa denies this and it claimed on 28 November 2012 "nor are we leading any consortium to develop such a terminal ... nor are we studying anything along these lines".[134][135] The terminal was due to start working at a capacity of 5 billion
cubic meters a year by 2016.[136]