This is a list of words that have entered into the
English language from the
Turkic languages . Many of them came via
traders and
soldiers from and in the
Ottoman Empire . There are some Turkic words as well, most of them entered English via the
Russian language .
Introduction
Languages of
Turkic peoples left numerous traces in different languages, including the English language. Turkic borrowings, which belong to the social and political vocabulary, are generally used in special literature and in the historical and ethnographical works, which relate to the life of Turkic and
Muslim peoples. The ethnographical words are generally used in the scientific literature, and in the historical and ethnographical texts.
The adoption of Indian (principally
Hindustani ) words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the ways for the words of the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic origin penetrated English through Central or Eastern European languages like Russian and
Polish .
Albanian ,
German ,
Latin ,
Spanish ,
Italian ,
French ,
Hungarian and
Serbo-Croatian were also intermediary languages for the Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves (e.g. Serbo-Croatian contains around 5,000 Turkic loanwords, primarily from
Turkish
[1] ).
In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of
Turkish origin, began to penetrate not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats and merchants, and through the ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English-language newspapers in
Istanbul – The Levant Herald and The Levant Times , seven newspapers in French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans, which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that
Turkey had the most intensive and wide connections with
England . Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in English, which were borrowed by its contacts with other peoples –
Azerbaijanis ,
Tatars ,
Uzbeks ,
Kazakhs and
Kirghiz .
A
Janissary
agha
Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology.
To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the
Middle Ages , the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts between England and Turkey, and
Russia , in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, French,
Arabic ,
Armenian ,
Afrikaans , Hungarian,
Yiddish , Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin,
Malayan , to a different extent, took part in the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.
A
Afshar
from Turkic Afshar , "a Turkic tribe living majorly in
Kerman province of
Iran ". A
Shiraz rug of coarse weave.
[2]
[3]
[4]
Aga or
Agha
from Turkish ağa , a title of rank, especially in Turkey.
[5]
[6]
Aga Khan
from Turkic agha and khan , the divinely ordained head of the
Nizari branch of
Isma'ili Shi'a Islam .
[7]
Agaluk
from Turkish Ağalık , a feudal unit of the
Ottoman Empire
Airan
from Turkish ayran
[8]
[9]
[10]
Akbash
from Turkish akbaş , literally "a whitehead"
[11]
Akche
from Turkish
akçe , also asper , an Ottoman monetary unit that consisted of small silver coins.
[12]
[13]
Akhissar
from Turkish
Akhisar , a city in
Manisa Province , Turkey near
İzmir . A kind of heavy modern carpet made at Akhisar.
[14]
Altay
from the
Altai Mountains of
Central Asia , which is from Turkic-
Mongolian altan , meaning "golden". 1. the
Altai horse 2. the
Altay sheep
[15]
[16]
Altilik
from Turkish altılık . A coin formerly used in Turkey, originally silver, equivalent to six
piastres .
[17]
Araba
(from
Arabic : عربة ʿarabah or the Turkish loan form araba, arba or aroba ). A horse-driven
carriage .
Arnaut
from Turkish arnavut , "an
Albanian ". An inhabitant of
Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, especially an Albanian serving in the Turkish army.
[18]
Aslan
from Turkish Aslan , "lion".
Astrakhan
from
Astrakhan , Russia, which is from
Tatar or
Kazakh hadžitarkhan , or As-tarxan (
tarkhan of As or
Alans )
Karakul sheep of Russian origin or a cloth with a pile resembling karakul.
[19]
[20]
Atabeg
from Turkic atabeg , from ata , "a father" +
beg "a prince".
[21]
[22]
Atabek
from Turkic, an alternative form of Atabeg .
Ataghan
from Turkish yatağan , an alternative form of
yatagan .
[23]
Ataman
from Russian, from South Turkic ataman , "leader of an armed band" : ata , "father" + -man , augmentative suffix.
[24]
Aul
Russian, from the Tatar, Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages.
[25]
Ayran
see Airan
B
Pieces of
baklava
Bahadur
from
Hindi bahādur "brave, brave person", from
Persian , probably from
Mongolian , cf.
Classical Mongolian baγatur , which is from Turkic, perhaps originally a Turkic personal name.
[26]
Bairam
from Turkish bayram , literally "a festival"
[27]
[28]
Baklava
from Turkish baklava
[29]
Balaclava
from
Balaklava , village in the
Crimea , which is from Turkish balıklava . A hoodlike knitted cap covering the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and worn especially by soldiers and mountaineers.
[30]
[31]
Balalaika
from Russian balalaika , of Turkic origin.
[32]
[33]
Balkan
from Turkish balkan "a mountain chain", relating to the states of the
Balkan Peninsula , or their peoples, languages, or cultures.
[34]
Bamia
from Turkish bamya .
[35]
Ban
from
Romanian , from Serbo-Croatian ban , "lord", which is from Turkic bayan , "very rich person" : bay , "rich" + -an , intensive suff.
[36]
Barbotte
from
Canadian French barbotte , which is from Turkish barbut . A dice game.
[37]
Barchan /Barkhan
from Russian, which is from
Kirghiz barkhan . A moving sand dune shaped like a crescent and found in several very dry regions of the world
[38]
Bashaw
from Turkish başa , a variant of
pasha
[39]
Bashi-bazouk
from Turkish başıbozuk
[40]
Bashlyk
from Turkish başlık , "a hood", from baş , "a head"
[41]
Batman
from Turkish batman . Any of various old Persian or Turkish units of weight
[42]
Beetewk
from Russian bityug , bityuk , which is from Turkic bitük , akin to
Chagatai bitü ,
Uzbek bitäü . A Russian breed of heavy draft horses.
[43]
[44]
Beg
from Turkic beg , an alternative form of
bey
[45]
Beglerbeg
from Turkish beylerbeyi , a variant of
beylerbey
[46]
Begum
from
Urdu begam , which is from East Turkic begüm
[47]
Behcet
from the name of Turkish scientist
Hulusi Behçet , a multisystem, chronic recurrent disease.
[48]
Bektashi
from Turkish bektaşi
[49]
Bergamot
from French bergamote , from Italian bergamotta , ultimately from Turkish bey armudu , literally, "the
bey 's pear"
[50]
Bey
from Turkish bey
[51]
Beylerbey
from Turkish beylerbeyi
[52]
Beylik
from Turkish beylik
[53]
[54]
[55]
Binbashi
from Turkish binbaşı , "chief of a thousand", bin "thousand" + bash "head". (Mil.) A major in the Turkish army.
[56]
Bogatyr
from Russian bogatyr "hero, athlete, warrior", from
Old Russian bogatyri , of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batur "brave"
[57]
Borek
from Turkish börek , ultimately from root bur- , "twisted"
Borunduk
from Russian burunduk , which is from
Mari uromdok or from Turkic burunduk . A Siberian ground squirrel.
[58]
[59]
[60]
Bosa or boza
from Turkish boza , a
fermented drink
[61]
[62]
Bosh
from Turkish boş , which means "nonsense, empty"
[63] (
Bosh on wiktionary )
Bostanji
from Turkish bostancı , literally "a gardener"
[64]
Bouzouki
from modern
Greek mpouzoúki , which is from Turkish bozuk "broken, ruined, depraved" or büzük "constricted, puckered".
[65]
Boyar
from Russian boyarin , from Old Russian boljarin , from Turkic baylar , plural of bay , "rich"; akin to Turkish bay , "rich, gentleman".
[66]
Bridge game
the word came into English from the Russian word,
biritch , which in turn originates from a Turkic word for "
bugler " (in modern Turkish: borucu , borazancı ) or might have come from a Turkish term bir, üç , or "one, three"
[67]
Bugger
from
Middle English bougre , "heretic", from
Old French boulgre , from
Medieval Latin Bulgarus , from
Greek Boulgaros , "
Bulgarian ", probably ultimately from Turkic bulghar , "of mixed origin, promiscuous" or "rebels", from bulgamaq , "to mix, stir, stir up".
[68]
[69]
[70]
[71]
Bulgar
from Bolgar , Bolghar , former kingdom on the
Volga river around
Kazan (see bugger ). A
Russia leather originally from
Bolgar .
[69]
[72]
Bulgur
from Turkish bulgur , which means "pounded wheat"
[73]
Buran
from Russian buran , of Turkic origin, probably from
Tatar buran
[74]
[75]
Burka
from Russian, probably from buryi "dark brown (of a horse)", probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur "red like a fox"; the Turkic word probably from
Persian bor "reddish brown"; akin to
Sanskrit babhru "reddish brown".
[76]
C
Dervishes wearing
calpacks
Cafeneh
from Turkish kahvane , kahvehane "a coffee shop, café", from kahve "coffee" + hane "house"
[77]
[78]
Caïque
from Turkish kayık
[79]
Caiquejee
alteration (influenced by caique ) of earlier caikjee , from Turkish kayıkçı , "a boatman"
[80]
Calpack
from Turkish kalpak
[81]
Caracal
from Turkish karakulak , which means "black ear"
[82]
Caraco
from French, perhaps from Turkish kerrake "alpaca coat". A woman's short coat or jacket usually about waist length.
[83]
Caracul
from
Uzbek karakul , an alteration of karakul
[84]
Caragana
from
Neo-Latin , of Turkic origin; akin to
Kirghiz karaghan "
Siberian pea tree".
[85]
Caramoussal
from Turkish karamürsel , karamusal , perhaps from kara "black" + mürsel "envoy, apostle"
[86]
Casaba
from Turkish Kasaba, a small town with 2.000 to 20.000 people in Turkey
[87]
Cassock
from
Middle French casaque "long coat", probably ultimately from Turkic quzzak "nomad, adventurer" (the source of
Cossack ), an allusion to their typical riding coat. Or perhaps from Arabic kazagand , from
Persian kazhagand "padded coat".
[88]
Cham
from French, which is from Turkish khan , "lord, prince"
[89]
Chekmak
from Turkish, a Turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.
[90]
Chelengk
from Ottoman Turkish çelenk , a bird's feather used as a sign of bravery
Chiaus
from Turkish çavuş .
[91]
Chibouk
from Turkish çubuk .
[92]
Choga
from
Sindhi , of
Turko-Mongol origin; akin to Turkish çuha "cloth". A long-sleeved long-skirted cloak for men worn mainly in
India and
Pakistan .
[93]
Chouse
perhaps from Turkish çavuş "a doorkeeper, messenger"
[94]
Coffee
from Ottoman Turkish kahve via Italian caffè
[95]
Corsac
from Russian korsak , from
Kirghiz karsak , "a small yellowish brown bushy-tailed fox"
[96]
Cosaque
from French, literally, "Cossack", from Russian Kazak &
Ukrainian kozak , which is from Turkic Kazak . A cracker.
[97]
Cossack
from Turkic quzzaq which means "adventurer, guerilla, nomad"
[98] (
Cossack on wiktionary )
D
Registration of boys for the
devshirmeh
Desemer
from German, from
Low German , alteration of
Middle Low German bisemer , besemer , of
Baltic origin; akin to
Lithuanian bezmnas , of
Slavic origin; akin to
Old East Slavic bezmenu "desemer, small weight", Polish bezmian , przezmian "balance without pans", perhaps of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batman "small weight". An ancient balance.
[99]
Devshirmeh
from Turkish devşirme , which means "gathering"
[100]
[101]
Dey
from Turkish dayı , literally "a maternal uncle"
[102]
Dolma
from Turkish dolma , which means "filled" or "stuffed"
[103]
Dolman
ultimately from Turkish dolaman , a robe, from dolamak "to wind"
[104]
[105]
Dolmus , also
Dolmush
from Turkish dolmuş , a share taxi
[106]
Domra
from
Kazakh dombra , a musical instrument
[107]
[108]
Doner kebab
(
Canadian : donair ) from Turkish döner kebap
[109]
[110]
Donmeh
from Turkish dönme , which literally means "a convert"
[111]
[112]
Donum
from Turkish dönüm , an alternative form of dunam
[113]
[114]
Doodle
from German dudeln "to play (the bagpipe)", from dudel "a bagpipe", from
Czech or Polish dudy "a bagpipe", from Turkish düdük "a flute".
[115]
Dunam
from Turkish dönüm , from dönmek "go round"
[116]
[117]
E
Elchee or elchi
from Turkish elçi , which means "an ambassador".
[118]
Eleme figs
from Turkish eleme "selected, sifted". Smyrna figs of superior quality packed flat.
[119]
F
Fez
from Turkish
fes
G
Galiongee
from Turkish kalyonçi , kalyoncu , "a Turkish sailor", from kalyon , Italian galeone + çi or cu , the Turkish suffix.
[120]
Ganch
modification of Turkish kancalamak "to put on a hook", from Turkish kanca "large hook", modification of Greek gampsos "curved" + Turkish suffix -lamak .
[121]
Giaour
from Turkish gâvur
Gilet
from French, from Spanish gileco , jaleco , chaleco , from Arabic jalikah , "a garment worn by slaves in
Algeria ", from Turkish yelek "waistcoat, vest"
[122]
H
Hajduk
from Ottoman Turkish haydut , "bandit, soldier"
Harambaša
from Turkish haramibaşı , "bandit leader" (from harami , "bandit" + baş , "head")
Haremlik
from Turkish haremlik , from harem (from Arabic harim & Arabic haram) + the Turkish suffix -lik "a place"
[123]
Horde
from Turkic ordu or orda ("khan's residence")
[124]
[125] (
Horde on wiktionary )
Hungary
most directly from Latin, ultimately from Turkic, c.f.
Onogur .
I
Imam bayildi
from Turkish imambayıldı , "the
imam fainted", an eggplant dish prepared with
olive oil .
[126]
Imbat
from Turkish imbat , a cooling etesian wind in the
Levant (as in
Cyprus ).
[127]
J
Janissary
from Turkish yeniçeri , which means "a new soldier"
[128] (
janissary on wiktionary )
Jelick
from Turkish yelek , the bodice or vest of a Turkish woman's dress.
[129]
Jettru
from Turkic, a union of seven Turkic peoples of
Central Asia formed at the end of the 17th or beginning of the 18th century under one
khan .
[130]
K
A
konak in
Safranbolu ,
Karabük
Kadi
from Ottoman Turkish kadı , "judge"
Kadiluk
from Ottoman Turkish kadıluk , "jurisdiction"
Kaftan
from Turkish kaftan (also in Persian)
[131]
Kaique
from Turkish kayık , an alternative form of caïque .
[132]
Kalderimi
from Ottoman Turkish kaldırım , "paved road"
Kalpak
from Turkish kalpak
Kangal
from Turkish kangal or sivas kangal köpeği
[133]
[134]
Karabagh
A type of rug, named after the
Karabagh region in the Caucasus.
[135]
Karabash
from Turkish karabaş , literally "a blackhead"
[136]
[137]
Karadagh
from
Azerbaijani Karadagh , a mountain range in
Azerbaijan province, northwestern
Iran . a
Persian rug having a bold design and rich coloring.
[138]
Karagane
from Russian karagan , which is from Turkic karagan . A species of gray fox found in Russia.
[139]
[140]
Karakul
from
Uzbek karakul , literally a village in
Uzbekistan
[141]
Karakurt
from Russian, of Turkic origin, karakurt , "a venomous spider".
[142]
Kasseri
from
New Greek kaseri , from Turkish kaşer , kaşar
[143]
Kavass
from Turkish kavas
[144]
[145]
Kazak
from
Kazak , a town in
Azerbaijan , an
Oriental rug in bold colors with geometric designs or stylized plant and animal forms.
[146]
Kefir
from Russian, probably ultimately from
Old Turkic köpür , "milk, froth, foam", from köpürmäk , "to froth, foam".
[147]
[148]
Kelek
from Turkish kelek , a raft or float supported on inflated animal skins.
[149]
Kendyr
from Russian kendyr , from Turkish kendir . A strong bast fiber that resembles Indian
hemp and is used in
Asia as cordage and as a substitute for cotton and hemp.
[150]
[151]
Ketch
probably from
Middle English cacchen "to capture", or perhaps from Turkish kayık "a boat, skiff".
[152]
[153]
Khagan
from Turkic kaghan , an alternative form of
khan
[154]
Khan
from Turkic khan , akin to Turkish han (title meaning "ruler")
[155]
Khanum
from Turkic khanum , akin to Turkish hanım , "a female derivation of
Khan "
[156]
Khatun
from Turkic khatūn , perhaps from
Old Turkic or from
Sogdian kwat'yn , "a queen"
[157]
[158]
Kibitka
from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to
Kazan Tatar kibit "booth, stall, tent",
Uyghur käbit .
[159]
Kielbasa
from Polish kiełbasa , from East and West
Slavic *kŭlbasa , from East Turkic kül bassï , "grilled cutlet", from Turkic kül bastï : kül , "coals, ashes" + bastï , "pressed (meat)" (from basmaq, to press)
[160]
Kilij
from
Turkish kılıç , a Turkish saber with a crescent-shaped blade.
[161]
Kiosk
from
Turkish köşk , an open summerhouse or pavilion
[162]
Kipchak
from Russian, which is from
Chagatai . 1. One of the ancient Turkic peoples of the
Golden Horde related to the
Uyghurs and
Kyrgyz . 2. The Turkic language of the
Kipchaks .
[163]
Kis Kilim
from Turkish kızkilim , a kind of carpet.
[164]
Kizilbash
from Turkish kızılbaş , literally "a red head"
[165]
[166]
Knish
from Yiddish, from
Ukrainian knysh , probably of Turkic origin.
[167]
Kok-saghyz
from Russian kok-sagyz , from Turkic kök-sagız , from kök "root" + sagız "rubber, gum"
[168]
Komitadji
from Turkish komitacı , a rebel, member of a secret revolutionary society.
[169]
Konak
from Turkish konak , a large house in Turkey.
[170]
Krym-saghyz
from Russian krym-sagyz , of Turkic origin, from Krym "Crimea",
[171] + sagız "rubber, gum".
[172]
Kulah
from Turkish Kula , a town in western Turkey. A Turkish rug that is often a prayer rug and that uses the
Ghiordes knot.
[173]
Kulak
from Russian kulak "a fist", of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kol "arm".
[174]
[175]
Kulan
from
Kirghiz kulan , "the wild ass of the
Kirghiz steppe".
[176]
Kumiss
from Turkic kumyz or kumis
[177] (
kumiss on wiktionary )
Kurbash
from Turkish kırbaç
[178]
[179]
Kurgan
from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kurgan "fortress, castle"
[180]
Kurus
from Turkish kuruş , a Turkish piaster equal to 1/100 lira.
[181]
L
Lackey
from French laquais , from Spanish lacayo , ultimately from Turkish ulak , which means "runner" or "courier".
[182]
Ladik
from Turkish Ladik , a village in Turkey. A rug of fine texture woven in and near Ladik in central
Anatolia .
[183]
Latten
from
Middle English latoun , laton , from
Middle French laton , leton , from
Old Provençal , from Arabic latun , of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish altın "gold"
[184]
Lokshen
from Yiddish, plural of loksh "noodle", from Russian dial. loksha , of Turkic origin; akin to
Uyghur &
Kazan Tatar lakca "noodles",
Chuvash läskä .
[185]
M
Mammoth
from Russian mamot , mamont , mamant , perhaps from a
Yakut word derived from
Yakut mamma "earth"; from the belief that the mammoths burrowed in the earth like moles.
[186]
Martagon
from
Middle English , from
Old French , from
Old Spanish , from
Ottoman Turkish martagan , "a kind of turban".
[187]
Merdiban
an accounting method used by the Ottoman Empire, Abbasid empire, and the Ilkhanate; from a word meaning "Ladder" or "Staircase".
[188]
N
Nagaika
from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to
Kirghiz nogai
[189]
O
Odalisque with a slave , 1842
Oda
from Turkish oda , literally "a room, chamber". A room in a harem.
[190]
Odalisque
from French, which is from Turkish odalık , from oda , "a room"
[191]
Oghuz or Ghuz
from Turkic oghuz . A group of Turks from Central Asia.
Osmanli
from Turkish osmanlı , from Osman , founder of the
Ottoman Empire + lı "of or pertaining to"
[192]
Ottoman
is a form of couch which usually has a head but no back, though sometimes it has neither. It may have square or semicircular ends, and as a rule it is what upholsterers call "overstuffed” — that is to say no wood is visible. In American English, an ottoman is a piece of furniture consisting of a padded, upholstered ...
Ottoman
from French, adjective & noun, probably from Italian ottomano , from Turkish osmani , from Osman , Othman died 1326, founder of the
Ottoman Empire
[193]
P
Paklava
modification of Turkish baklava
[194]
Parandja
from
Uzbek , a heavy black horsehair veil worn by women of
Central Asia .
[195]
Pasha
from Turkish paşa , earlier basha , from bash "head, chief" which equates to "Sir"
[196]
[197]
Pashalic
from Turkish paşalık , "title or rank of
pasha ", from paşa : the jurisdiction of a
pasha or the territory governed by him
[198]
[199]
Pastrami
from Yiddish pastrame , from
Romanian pastrama , ultimately from Turkish pastırma
[200]
Petcheneg
from Russian pecheneg , which is from Turkic. Member of a Turkic people invading the South Russian, Danubian, and Moldavian steppes during the early Middle Ages.
[201]
[202]
Pilaf
from Turkish pilav , and ultimately from Sanskrit pulāka- (पुलाक), "lump of boiled rice"
Pirogi
from Yiddish, from Russian, plural of pirog (pie), perhaps borrowed from
Kazan Tatar , (cf. Turk. börek)
[203]
Pul
from
Persian pul , which is from Turkish pul . A unit of value of
Afghanistan equal to 1/100
Afghani .
[204]
Q
Qajar or
Kajar
from
Persian Qajar , of Turkish origin. A people of northern
Iran holding political supremacy through the dynasty ruling
Persia from 1794 to 1925.
[205]
Quiver
from
Anglo-French quiveir , from
Old French quivre , probably ultimately from the
Hunnic language ,
[206] kubur in
Old Turkic
R
Rumelia
from Turkish Rumeli , "land of
Romans "
S
Sarma , a kind of
dolma , is a classic of
Turkish cuisine .
Sabot
from
Old French çabot , alteration of savate "old shoe", probably of Turkish or Arabic origin.
[207]
Saic
from French saïque , from Turkish shaika .
[208]
Saiga
from Russian saĭgá(k) , from Turkic; cf.
Chagatai sayğak
[209]
[210]
Saker
through
Old French from Arabic saqr , probably from Turkic sonqur , which means "a falcon".
[211]
Samiel
from Turkish samyeli , sam , "poisonous" + yel , "wind".
[212]
Sanjak
from Turkish sancak , which means "a banner"
[213]
[214]
Sarma
from Turkish sarma , which means "wrapping"
[215]
[216]
Saxaul
from Russian saksaul , which is from
Kazakh seksevil . A leafless xerophytic shrub or tree of the family
Chenopodiaceae of Asia that has green or greenish branches and is used for stabilization of desert soils.
[217]
[218]
Selamlik
from Turkish Selamlık .
[219]
Seljuk
from Turkish Selçuk , "eponymous ancestor of the dynasties". Of or relating to any of several Turkic dynasties that ruled over a great part of western Asia in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
[220]
Seraskier
from Turkish serasker , from
Persian ser "head, chief" + Arabic asker "an army".
[221]
Sevdalinka
originally Arabic sawda , via Turkish sevda , "black bile". Genre of Balkan folk-music
Sevruga
through Russian sevryuga ultimately from
Tatar söirök .
[222]
Shabrack
from French schabraque , from German schabracke , from Hungarian csáprág , from Turkish çaprak
[223]
Shagreen
from Turkish sağrı , which means "the back of a horse"
[224]
Shaman
from
Turkic word šamán .[
citation needed ]
Shashlik
from Russian шашлык , which is from
Crimean Tatar şışlık , which means "shish kebab"
[225]
Shawarma
ultimately from Turkish çevirme , which literally means "turning"
[226]
Shish
from Turkish şiş , which literally means "a skewer"
[227]
[228]
Shish kebab
from Turkish şiş kebabı
[229]
Shor
from Russian, of
Turko-Mongol origin; akin to
Kalmyk &
Mongolian sor "salt", Turkish sure "brackish soil". A salt lake in
Turkestan , a salina.
[230]
Som
from
Kirghiz , "crude iron casting, ruble"
[231]
Sofa
a long upholstered seat with a back and arms, for two or more people.
T
Tughra of
Suleiman the Magnificent
Taiga
from Russian taiga , of Turkic origin; akin to
Teleut taiga "rocky, mountainous terrain", Turkish dağ "mountain";
Mongolian origin is also possible.
[232]
[233]
Taramasalata
from modern
Greek taramas "preserved roe", from Turkish tarama "preparation of soft roe or red caviar" + salata "salad".
[234]
Taranchi
from
Chagatai Taranci , literally "a farmer".
[235]
Tarantass
from Russian tarantas , which is from
Kazan Tatar tarıntas .
[236]
Tarbagan
from Russian, which is from
Teleut . A rodent
Tarbush
from Arabic tarbūsh , from
Ottoman Turkish terposh , probably from
Persian sarposh "headdress" (equivalent to sar "head" + pūsh "covering"), by association with Turkish ter "sweat". A tasseled cap of cloth or felt, usually red, that is worn by Muslim men either by itself or as the inner part of the
turban .
[237]
Tarkhan
from
Old Turkic tarkan , a privileged class.
[238]
Tarpan
from Russian, which is from
Kirghiz or
Kazakh tarpan .
[239]
[240]
Tartar
from
Persian Tatar , of Turkic origin. A ferocious or violent person - Latin, from "Tartarus" - evil, hell.
[241]
Tau-saghyz
from Russian tau-sagyz , from Turkic tau-sagız , from tau "mountain" + sagız "gum, rubber".
[242]
Tavla
from Turkish tavla , a version of the board game backgammon.
[243]
Tekke
from Turkish tekke , a dervish monastery.
[244]
Tenge
from
Kazakh teŋge "coin, ruble".
[245]
Tepe
from Turkish tepe , literally "a hill, summit". An artificial mound.
[246]
[247]
[248]
Terek
from
Terek , river of southeast Russia, which is from
Balkar Terk . A sandpiper of the
Old World breeding in the far north of eastern
Europe and Asia and migrating to southern
Africa and
Australia and frequenting rivers.
[249]
[250]
Theorbo
from Italian tiorba , which is from Turkish torba "a bag".
[251]
[252]
Toman
from
Persian تومان, which is from Turkic tümen , "a unit of ten thousand".
[253]
Tovarich
from Russian tovarishch , from
Old East Slavic tovarishch , sing. of tovarishchi , "business associates", which is from
Old Turkic tavar ishchi , "businessman, merchant" : tavar , "wealth, trade" + ishchi , "one who works" (from ish , "work, business").
[254]
Tughra
from Turkish tuğra , an elaborate monogram formed of the
Sultan 's name and titles.
[255]
[256]
Tungus
a member of the Tungusic people; from Russian, from East Turkic tunguz , "wild pig, boar", from
Old Turkic tonguz .
[257]
Turk
from Turkish türk , which has several meanings in English.
[258]
Turki
from Persian turki , from Turk , "Turk", from Turkish Türk .
[259]
Turquoise
from Middle English Turkeys , from Anglo-French turkeise , from feminine of turkeis Turkish, from Turc Turkish.
[260]
Tuzla
from Turkish tuzla , from the name of
Lake Tuz in Turkey. A central Anatolian rug.
[261]
Tzatziki
from modern
Greek tsatsiki , which is from Turkish cacık .
[262]
U
Polish
uhlans
Ugrian
from
Old East Slavic Ugre , which means "Hungarians", of Turkic origin.
[263]
Uhlan
from Turkish oğlan "a boy, servant".
[264]
Urdu
from
Hindustani Urdu "camp", which is from Turkic ordu (source of horde).
[265]
Urman
from Russian, which is from
Kazan Tatar urman , "a forest", synonymous with
taiga ;
[266]
Turkish word orman .
Ushak
from Ushak, Turkish Uşak , manufacturing town of western Turkey. A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.
[267]
Y
Cacık , a Turkish cold soup
yogurt variety
Yardang
from Turkic yardang , ablative of yar "steep bank, precipice".
[268]
[269]
Yarmulka
of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish yağmurluk which means "rainwear".
[270]
Yashmak or
yashmac
from Turkish yaşmak .
[271]
Yataghan
from Turkish yatağan .
[272]
Yogurt
from Turkish yoğurt .
[273] (
yogurt on wiktionary )
Yurt
from Turkic yurt , which means "a dwelling place".
[274]
Yuruk
from Turkish yürük , "a nomad". 1. One of a nomadic shepherd people of the mountains of southeastern
Anatolia . 2. A Turkish rug from the
Konya and
Karaman regions, southeastern
Anatolia .
[275]
Z
Zill
from Turkish zil "bell, cymbals", of onomatopoeic origin.
[276]
[277]
See also
External links
References
^ Prince, John Dyneley (1931). "Surviving Turkish Elements in Serbo-Croatian". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 51 (3): 241–261.
doi :
10.2307/593448 .
JSTOR
593448 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Afshar
^
TDK Online – Afşar [
permanent dead link ]
^
Parvis Tanavoli On Afshar Rugs
^ Harper, Douglas.
"aga" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Aga
^
Dictionary.com – Aga Khan
^
Answers.com – Ayran
^
Fao.org – Airan in Main Categories of Products
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Airan
^
"Reference.com – Akbash Dog" . Archived from
the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2006-09-02 .
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Akche
^ Wilson, Rodney (2002).
Economic Development in the Middle East . Taylor & Francis. p. 82.
ISBN
978-0-203-01286-4 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Akhissar
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Altai
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Altai Mountains
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Altilik
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Arnaut
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Astrakhan
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Astrakhan
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Atabeg
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – use of Atabeg in an article
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ataghan
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Ataman" . Archived from
the original on 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2006-09-03 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Aul
^
Dictionary.com – Bahadur
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Bairam
^
Allwords.com – Bairam
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Baklava
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Balaclava
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Balaklava
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Balalaika
^
"Encarta Online – Balalaika" . Archived from
the original on 2010-11-30.
^
"Encarta Online – Balkan" . Archived from
the original on 2009-04-12.
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bamia
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Ban" . Archived from
the original on 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2006-09-03 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Barbotte
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Barkhan
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Bashaw
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Bashi-bazouk
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Bashlyk
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Batman
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Beetewk
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Bityug
^
"Reference.com – Beg" . Archived from
the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2006-09-02 .
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Beylerbey
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Begum" . Archived from
the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2006-09-01 .
^
Dictionary.com – Behcet
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Bektashi
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Bergamot
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Bey
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Beylerbey
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Ottoman art
^
Answers.com – Beylik
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Beylic
^
Dictionary.com – Binbashi
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bogatyr
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Borunduk
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Burunduk
^
Этимологический Словарь – Piotr Czerwinski → Burunduk
Archived 2008-05-04 at the
Wayback Machine
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bosa
^ "bosa." Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd edition. 1989.
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Bosh
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bostanji
^
Dictionary.com – Bouzouki
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Boyar
^ Harper, Douglas.
"bridge" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Bugger
^
a
b
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Bulgar
^ Taylor, Isaac (2008).
Names and Their Histories . BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 78.
ISBN
978-0-559-29667-3 . Retrieved 2009-07-28 .
^ Dybo, Anna.
"bulga-" . Turkic etymology . StarLing. Retrieved 2009-07-28 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bulgar
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Bulgur
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Buran" . Archived from
the original on 2005-11-22. Retrieved 2006-09-03 .
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Buran
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Burka
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Cafeneh
^
Dictionary.com – Cafeneh
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Caique
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Caiquejee
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Calpac
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Caracal
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Caraco
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Caracul
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Caragana
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Caramoussal
^
Arasindaki Fark - Köy ile Kasaba farkı nedir
^ Harper, Douglas.
"cassock" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Cham" . Archived from
the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2006-09-03 .
^
Dictionary.com – Chekmak
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Chiaus
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Chibouk
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Choga
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Chouse
^
"Coffee | Origin and meaning of coffee by Online Etymology Dictionary" .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Corsac
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Cosaque
^ Harper, Douglas.
"cossack" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Desemer
^
"Lexicorient.com – Devsirme" . Archived from
the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2006-09-02 .
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Topic: Devsirme
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Dey
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Dolma
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Dolman
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Dolman
Archived 2007-12-09 at the
Wayback Machine
^ "dolmus." Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd edition. 1989.
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Domra
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Domra
^
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English – Doner kebab [
dead link ]
^
Wiktionary.org – Doner kebab
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Donmeh
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Donme
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Donum
^
Proz.com – Donum
^
Antlion Pit – Doodle
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Dunam
^
Wiktionary.org – Dunam
^
"ABSP – Turkish words – Elchee" . Archived from
the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-01-14 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Eleme figs [
permanent dead link ]
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Galiongee
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ganch
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Gilet
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Haremlik
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Horde
^ Harper, Douglas.
"horde" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English – Imam bayildi [
dead link ]
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Imbat
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Janissary
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Jelick
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Jettru
^ Harper, Douglas.
"caftan" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Dictionary.com – Kaique
^
PetPlanet.com – Kangal
^
"Reference.com – Kangal" . Archived from
the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2006-09-02 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Karabagh
^
PetPlanet.com – Karabash
^
"Reference.com – Karabash" . Archived from
the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2006-09-02 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Karadagh
^
Dictionary.com – Karagane
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Karagan
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Karakul
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Karakurt
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kasseri
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Kavass
^
Dictionary.com – Kavass
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Kazak
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Kefir" . Archived from
the original on 2006-01-14. Retrieved 2006-09-16 .
^
"Encarta Online – Kefir" . Archived from
the original on 2010-11-30.
^
Dictionary.com – Kelek
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kendyr
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Kendyr
^ Harper, Douglas.
"ketch" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology – Ketch
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Khagan
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Khan
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Khanum
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Khatun
^
Highbeam.com – Khatun [
dead link ]
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kibitka
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Kielbasa
Archived 2008-06-30 at the
Wayback Machine
^
Dictionary.com – Kilij
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Kiosk
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kipchak
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kis Kilim [
permanent dead link ]
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Kizilbash
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Kizilbash
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Knish" . Archived from
the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2006-12-19 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kok-saghyz
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Komitadji
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Konak
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Krym
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Krym-saghyz
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kulah
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kulak
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Kulak
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kulan
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Kumiss
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kurbash
^
Dictionary.com – Kurbash
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Kurgan
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kurus
^ Harper, Douglas.
"lackey" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ladik
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Latten
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Lokshen
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Mammoth
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Martagon" . Archived from
the original on 2005-09-01. Retrieved 2006-09-04 .
^ Guvemli + Guvemli.
"The birth and development of the accounting Method in the Middle East (Merdiban Method)" (PDF) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . [
permanent dead link ]
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Nagaika
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Oda
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Odalisque
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Osmanli
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ottoman
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Paklava
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Parandja
^ Harper, Douglas.
"pasha" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Pasha
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Pashalic
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – use of Pashalic in an article
^
DEX Online – Pastrama
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Petcheneg
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Pechenegi
^ Harper, Douglas.
"pirogi" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Pul
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kajar
^ Harper, Douglas.
"quiver" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Sabot" . Archived from
the original on 2006-01-28. Retrieved 2006-12-23 .
^
Dictionary.com – Saic
^
Dictionary.com – Saiga
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Saiga" . Archived from
the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2006-09-10 .
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Saker" . Archived from
the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-01-27 .
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Samiel" . Archived from
the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2006-09-03 .
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Sanjak
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Sanjak in Ottoman Bosnia
^
Answers.com – Sarma
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Sarma in Balkan cuisine
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Saxaul
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Saksaul
^
Dictionary.com – Selamlik
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Seljuk
^
Dictionary.com – Seraskier
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Sevruga" . Archived from
the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-01-27 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Shabrack
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Shagreen
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Shashlik
^
"Arikah.net – Shawarma" . Archived from
the original on 2006-03-23. Retrieved 2006-09-02 .
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Shish
^ Harper, Douglas.
"shish kebab" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Shish Kebab
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Shor
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Som
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Taiga
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Taiga" . Archived from
the original on 2006-02-11. Retrieved 2006-09-03 .
^
"Encarta Online – Taramasalata" . Archived from
the original on 2009-11-25.
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Taranchi
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tarantass
^
Dictionary.com – Tarbush
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tarkhan
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tarpan
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Tarpan
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Tatar/Tartar" . Archived from
the original on 2006-02-24. Retrieved 2006-09-16 .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tau-saghyz
^
Wiktionary.org – Tavla
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tekke
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tenge
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tepe
^
Dictionary.com – Tepe
^
Starling.ru Turkic Etymology – Tepö
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Terek
^
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Terek
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Theorbo
^
"Encarta Online – Theorbo" . Archived from
the original on 2009-11-17.
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Toman
Archived 2007-12-09 at the
Wayback Machine
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Tovarich" . Archived from
the original on 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2006-09-03 .
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Ottoman Coins
^
Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt – Tughra
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Tungus
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Turk
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Turki" . Archived from
the original on 2005-09-05. Retrieved 2006-09-16 .
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Turquoise
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tuzla
^
"Encarta Online – Tzatziki" . Archived from
the original on 2009-08-21.
^
"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Ugrian" . Archived from
the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2006-12-19 .
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Uhlan
^ Harper, Douglas.
"urdu" .
Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Urman
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ushak
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Yardang
^
Dictionary.com – Yardang
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Yarmulke
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Yashmak
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Yataghan
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Yogurt
^
Merriam-Webster Online – Yurt
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Yuruk
^
Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Zill
^
Dictionary.com – Zill
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