This is a list of
English language words borrowed from
Indigenous languages of the Americas , either directly or through intermediate European languages such as
Spanish or
French . It does not cover names of ethnic groups or place names derived from Indigenous languages.
Most words of Native American/First Nations language origin are the
common names for indigenous flora and fauna, or describe items of
Native American or
First Nations life and culture. Some few are names applied in honor of Native Americans or First Nations peoples or due to a vague similarity to the original object of the word. For instance,
sequoias are named in honor of the Cherokee leader
Sequoyah , who lived 2,000 miles (3200 km) east of that tree's range, while the
kinkajou of South America was given a name from the unrelated North American
wolverine .
Words from Algonquian languages
Since Native Americans and First Nations peoples speaking a language of the
Algonquian group were generally the first to meet English explorers and settlers along the
Eastern Seaboard , many words from these languages made their way into English.
In addition, many place names in
North America are of Algonquian origin, for example: Mississippi (cf.
Miami-Illinois : mihsisiipiiwi and
Ojibwe : misiziibi , "great river," referring to the
Mississippi River )
[1]
[2] and Michigan (cf. Miami-Illinois: meehcakamiwi , Ojibwe: Mishigami , "great sea," referring to
Lake Michigan ).
[2]
[3]
Canadian provinces and
U.S. states , districts, counties and municipalities bear Algonquian names, such as
Québec ,
Ottawa ,
Saskatchewan ,
Nantucket ,
Massachusetts ,
Naugatuck ,
Connecticut ,
Wyoming ,
District of Keewatin ,
Outagamie County ,
Wisconsin and
Chicago ,
Illinois , or Algonquian-derived names, such as
Algoma .
Furthermore, some
indigenous peoples of the Americas groups are known better by their Algonquian
exonyms , rather than by their
endonym , such as the
Eskimo (see below),
Winnebago (perhaps from
Potawatomi : winpyéko ,
lit. '(people of the) dirty water'),
[4]
Sioux (ultimately from
Ottawa : naadowesiwag ),
[4]
Assiniboine (Ojibwe: asiniibwaan ,
lit. 'stone Sioux')
[2] and
Chipewyan (
Cree : čīpwayān ,
lit. '(those who have) pointed skins or hides').
[5]
Apishamore
(definition)
From a word in an Algonquian language meaning "something to lie down upon"
[6] (c.f.
Ojibwe apishimon ).
[2]
Atamasco lily
(definition)
Earlier "attamusca", from
Powhatan .
[7]
[8]
Babiche
(definition)
From
Míkmaq ápapíj (from ápapi , "cord, thread",
Proto-Algonquian *aʔrapa·pyi , from *aʔrapy- , "net" + *-a·by- , "string".
[9]
Caribou
(definition)
From
Míkmaq qalipu , "snow-shoveler" (from qalipi , "shovel snow",
Proto-Algonquian *maka·ripi- ).
[10]
Caucus
(definition)
The etymology is disputed: two possible sources are an Algonquian word for "counsel", 'cau´-cau-as´u'; or the Algonquian cawaassough , meaning an advisor, talker, or orator.
[11]
Chinkapin
(definition)
From
Powhatan chechinquamins ,
[12] reconstituted as */t͡ʃiːht͡ʃiːnkweːmins/ , the plural form.
[13]
Chipmunk
(definition)
Originally "chitmunk," from
Odawa jidmoonh
[14] /t͡ʃɪtmő/ (c.f.
Ojibwe ajidamoo(nh) ),
[2] "
American red squirrel ".
Cisco
(definition)
Originally "siscowet," from
Ojibwe language bemidewiskaawed "greasy-bodied [fish]".
[15]
Eskimo
(definition)
From
Old Montagnais aiachkimeou ([aːjast͡ʃimeːw] ; modern ayassimēw ), meaning "snowshoe-netter" (often incorrectly claimed to be from an
Ojibwe word meaning "eaters of raw [meat]"), and originally used to refer to the
Mikmaq .
[16]
[17]
Hackmatack
(definition)
From an Algonquian language akemantak (c.f.
Ojibwe aagimaandag ), "
snowshoe boughs".[
citation needed ]
Hickory
(definition)
From
Powhatan <pocohiquara>, "milky drink made with hickory nuts".
[18]
[19]
Hominy
(definition)
From
Powhatan <uskatahomen>/<usketchaumun>, literally "that which is treated", in this case "that which is ground/beaten".
[20]
Husky
(definition)
Ultimately from a variant form of the word "Eskimo" (see above).
[21]
Kinkajou
(definition)
From an Algonquian word meaning "wolverine" (c.f.
Algonquin kwingwaage ,
Ojibwe gwiingwa'aage ),
[2] through French quincajou .
[22]
Kinnikinnick
(definition)
From
Unami Delaware /kələkːəˈnikːan/ , "mixture" (c.f. Ojibwe giniginige "to mix something animate with something inanimate"),
[2] from
Proto-Algonquian *kereken- , "mix (it) with something different by hand".
[23]
Mackinaw
(definition)
From michilmackinac , from
Menomini mishilimaqkināhkw , "be large like a snapping turtle",[
citation needed ] or from
Ojibwe mishi-makinaak , "large snapping turtle" with French -ile- , "island".[
citation needed ]
Moccasin
(definition)
From an Algonquian language, perhaps
Powhatan <mockasin>,
[24] reconstituted as */mahkesen/
[25] (c.f.
Ojibwe makizin ,
[2]
Míkmaq mɨkusun ,
[26] from
Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni ).
[27]
Moose
(definition)
From
Eastern Abenaki moz , reinforced by cognates from other Algonquian languages
[28]
[29] (e.g.
Massachusett/Narragansett moos ,
[29]
Ojibwe moo(n)z ,
[2]
Lenape mus 'elk'
[30] ), from
Proto-Algonquian *mo·swa .
[29]
Mugwump
(definition)
From "mugquomp", a shortening of
Massachusett <muggumquomp>, "war chief" (
Proto-Algonquian *memekwa·pe·wa , from *memekw- , "swift" + *-a·pe· , "man").
[31]
Muskellunge
(definition)
Ultimately from
Ojibwe maashkinoozhe ,
[2] "ugly
pike " (c.f. ginoozhe , "pike").
Muskeg
(definition)
From
Cree maskēk , "swamp"
[32] (
Proto-Algonquian *maškye·kwi ).
[33]
Muskrat
(definition)
A
folk-etymologized reshaping of earlier "musquash", from
Massachusett (c.f.
Western Abenaki mòskwas ), apparently from
Proto-Algonquian *mo·šk , "bob (at the surface of the water)" + *-exkwe·- , "head" + a derivational ending).
[33]
Opossum
(definition)
From
Powhatan <apasum>/<opussum>/<aposoum>, "white dog-like animal",
[34] reconstituted as */aːpassem/
[35] (c.f.
Proto-Algonquian *waːp-aʔθemwa , "white dog").
[36]
[37]
Papoose
(definition)
From
Narragansett <papoòs>
[38] or
Massachusett <pappouse>, "baby".
[39]
Pecan
(definition)
From
Illinois pakani (c.f.
Ojibwe bagaan ),
[2] "
nut ", from
Proto-Algonquian *paka·ni .
[40]
Pemmican
(definition)
From
Cree pimihkān , from pimihkēw , "to make grease" (
Proto-Algonquian *pemihke·wa , from *pemy- , "grease" + -ehke· , "to make").
[41]
Persimmon
(definition)
From
Powhatan <pessemins>/<pushemins>, reconstituted as */pessiːmin/ .
[42] While the final element reflects
Proto-Algonquian *-min , "fruit, berry", the initial is unknown.
[43]
Pipsissewa
(definition)
From
Abenaki kpipskwáhsawe , "flower of the woods".
[38]
[44]
Pokeweed
(definition)
Probably from "puccoon" (see below) + "weed".
[38]
Pone
(definition)
From
Powhatan <poan>/<appoans>, "something roasted" (reconstituted as */apoːn/ )
[45] (c.f.
Ojibwe abwaan ),
[2] from
Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n .
[46]
Powwow
(definition)
From
Narragansett powwaw , "
shaman " (
Proto-Algonquian *pawe·wa , "to dream, to have a vision").
[47]
Puccoon
(definition)
From
Powhatan <poughkone>,
[38] reconstituted as */pakkan/
[48] (c.f.
Unami Delaware [pɛːkɔːn] , 'red dye; the plant from which dye is made').
[49]
[50]
Pung
A low box-like sleigh designed for one horse. Shortened form of "tom-pung" (from the same etymon as "toboggan") from an Algonquian language of Southern New England.
[51]
Punkie
(definition)
Via
Dutch , from
Munsee [ponkwəs] (
Proto-Algonquian *penkwehsa , from *penkw- , "dust, ashes" + *-ehs , a
diminutive suffix).
[52]
Quahog
(definition)
From
Narragansett <poquaûhock>.
[53]
Quonset hut
(definition)
From an Algonquian language of southern New England, possibly meaning "small long place" (with <qunni->, "long" + <-s->,
diminutive + <-et>,
locative ).
[54]
Raccoon
(definition)
From
Powhatan <arahkun>/<aroughcun>,
[55] tentatively reconstituted as */aːreːhkan/ .
[56]
Sachem
(definition)
From an Algonquian language of southern New England,
[57] c.f.
Narragansett <sâchim> (
Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw , "chief").
[58]
Sagamore
(definition)
From
Eastern Abenaki sakəma (c.f. Narragansett <sâchim>), "chief", from
Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw .
[58]
Scup
(definition)
Shortened from scuppaug , which is from
Narragansett mishcùppaûog.
[59]
Shoepac
(definition)
From
Unami Delaware [t͡ʃipahkɔ] "shoes" (singular [t͡ʃiːpːakw] ), altered on
analogy with English "shoe".
[60]
Skunk
(definition)
From
Massachusett <squnck>[
citation needed ] (
Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa , from *šek- , "to urinate" + *-a·kw , "fox").
[61]
Squash (fruit)
(definition)
From
Narragansett <askútasquash>.
[62]
Squaw
(definition)
From
Massachusett <squa> (c.f.
Cree iskwē ,
Ojibwe ikwe ),
[2] "woman", from
Proto-Algonquian *eθkwe·wa .
[62]
Succotash
(definition)
From
Narragansett <msíckquatash>, "boiled whole kernels of corn" (
Proto-Algonquian *mesi·nkwete·wari , singular *mesi·nkwete· , from *mes- , "whole" + *-i·nkw- , "eye [=kernel]" + -ete· , "to cook").
[63]
Tabagie
(definition)
From
Algonquin tabaguia .
[64]
Tautog
(definition)
From
Narragansett tautaũog .
[65]
Terrapin
(definition)
Originally "torope," from an
Eastern Algonquian language , perhaps
Powhatan (reconstituted as */toːrepeːw/ )
[66] (c.f.
Munsee Delaware /toːlpeːw/ ),
[67] from
Proto-Eastern Algonquian *tōrəpēw .
[68]
Toboggan
(definition)
From
Míkmaq topaqan
[69] or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy /tʰaˈpakən/
[70] (
Proto-Algonquian *weta·pye·kani , from *wet- , "to drag" + *-a·pye·- , "cordlike object" + *-kan , "instrument for").
[69]
Tomahawk
(definition)
From
Powhatan <tamahaac> (
Proto-Algonquian *temaha·kani , from *temah- , "to cut" + *-a·kan , "instrument for").
[71]
Totem
(definition)
From
Ojibwe nindoodem , "my totem" or odoodeman , "his totem," referring to a
kin group .
[72]
Tuckahoe
(definition)
From
Powhatan <tockawhoughe>/<tockwhough>/<taccaho>, "root used for bread", reconstituted as */takwahahk/
[73] (perhaps from
Proto-Algonquian *takwah- , "pound (it)/reduce (it) to flour").
[74]
Tullibee
(definition)
From Old
Ojibwe */otoːlipiː/
[75] (
modern odoonibii ).
[2]
Wampum
(definition)
Earlier "wampumpeag", from
Massachusett , and meaning "white strings [of beads]" (c.f.
Maliseet : wapapiyik ,
[76]
Eastern Abenaki wápapəyak ,
Ojibwe waabaabiinyag ),
[2] from
Proto-Algonquian *wa·p- , "white" + *-a·py- , "string-like object" + *-aki , plural.
[77]
[78]
Wanigan
(definition)
From
Ojibwa waanikaan , "storage pit".
[79]
Wapiti (elk)
(definition)
From
Shawnee waapiti , "white rump" (c.f.
Ojibwe waabidiy ),
[2] from
Proto-Algonquian *wa·petwiya , from *wa·p- , "white" + *-etwiy , "rump".
[80]
Wickiup
(definition)
From
Fox wiikiyaapi , from the same
Proto-Algonquian etymon as "wigwam" (see below).
[81]
Wigwam
(definition)
From
Eastern Abenaki wìkəwam (c.f.
Ojibwe wiigiwaam ),
[2] from
Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·Hmi .
[82]
Woodchuck
(definition)
Reshaped on
analogy with "wood" and "chuck", from an Algonquian language of southern New England (c.f.
Narragansett <ockqutchaun>, "woodchuck").
[83]
Words from Nahuatl
Unless otherwise specified,
Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique is among the sources used for each etymology
Words of
Nahuatl origin have entered many European languages. Mainly they have done so via
Spanish . Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a form of the Nahuatl "
absolutive suffix " (-tl , -tli , or -li , or the Spanish adaptation -te ), which marked unpossessed nouns.
Achiote
(definition)
from āchiotl
[aːˈt͡ʃiot͡ɬ]
Atlatl
(definition)
from ahtlatl
[ˈaʔt͡ɬat͡ɬ]
Atole
(definition)
from atōlli
[ˈaːtoːlli]
Avocado
(definition)
from āhuacatl , 'avocado' or 'testicle'
[aːˈwakat͡ɬ] , via Spanish aguacate and later avocado (influenced by early Spanish abogado 'lawyer')
[84]
Axolotl
(definition)
āxōlōtl
[aːˈʃoːloːt͡ɬ] , via Spanish, ultimately from ā- , 'water' + xōlōtl , 'male servant'
[85]
Aztec
(definition)
from aztecatl 'coming from Aztlan', via Spanish Azteca
[86]
Cacao
(definition) and
Cocoa
(definition)
from cacahuatl
[kaˈkawat͡ɬ]
Chayote
(definition)
from chayohtli
[t͡ʃaˈjoʔt͡ɬi]
Chia
(definition)
from chiyan
[ˈt͡ʃi.jan]
Chicle
(definition)
from tzictli
[ˈt͡sikt͡ɬi]
Chili
(definition)
from chīlli
[ˈt͡ʃiːlːi]
[87]
Chipotle
(definition)
from chilpoctli 'smoked chili', from chili + poctli 'smoke'
[88]
Chocolate
(definition)
Often said to be from Nahuatl xocolātl
[38] or chocolātl ,
[89] which would be derived from xococ 'bitter' and ātl 'water' (with an irregular change of x to ch ).
[90] However, the form xocolātl is not directly attested, and chocolatl does not appear in Nahuatl until the mid-18th century. Some researchers have recently proposed that the chocol- element was originally chicol- , and referred to a special wooden stick used to prepare chocolate.
[91]
Copal
(definition)
from copalli
[92]
Coyote
(definition)
from coyōtl via Spanish
[93]
Epazote
(definition)
from epazōtl
Guacamole
(definition)
from āhuacamōlli , from āhuaca- , 'avocado', and mōlli , 'sauce', via Mexican Spanish
[94]
Hoatzin
(definition)
from huāctzin
[95]
Jicama
(definition)
from xicamatl
Mesquite
(definition)
from mizquitl
[ˈmiskit͡ɬ] , via Spanish mezquite
[96]
Mezcal
(definition)
from mexcalli
[meʃˈkalːi] metl
[met͡ɬ] and ixcalli
[iʃˈkalːi] which mean 'oven cooked agave.'
[97]
Mole
(definition)
from mōlli
[ˈmoːlːi] , 'sauce'
Nixtamalization
(definition)
from nixtamalli
Nopal
(definition)
from nohpalli
[noʔˈpalːi] , 'prickly pear cactus', via American Spanish
[98]
Ocelot
(definition)
from ocēlōtl
[oːˈseːloːt͡ɬ] 'jaguar', via French
[99]
Ocotillo
(definition)
from ocotl 'pine, torch made of pine', via Mexican Spanish ocote + diminutive -illo
[100]
Peyote
(definition)
from peyōtl
[ˈpejoːt͡ɬ] . Nahuatl probably borrowed the root peyō- from another language, but the source is not known.
[101]
Pinole
(definition)
from pinolli , via Spanish
Quetzal
(definition)
from quetzalli
[keˈt͡salːi] , '
quetzal feather'.
[102]
Sapodilla
(definition)
from tzapocuahuitl
Sapota
(definition)
from tzapotl
[ˈt͡sapot͡ɬ]
Shack
(definition)
possibly from xahcalli
[ʃaʔˈkalːi] , 'grass hut', by way of
Mexican Spanish .
[38]
[103]
Sotol
(definition)
from tzotolli
[104]
Tamale
(definition)
from tamalli
[taˈmalːi] , via Spanish tamal . The Spanish plural is tamales , and the English derives from a false singular tamale .
[105]
Tequila
from téquitl 'work' + tlan 'place'
Tlacoyo
(definition)
from tlahtlaōyoh
[t͡ɬɑʔt͡ɬɑˈoːjoʔ]
Tomato
(definition)
from tomatl
[ˈtomat͡ɬ] , via Spanish tomate . The change from tomate to tomato was likely influenced by the spelling of potato
[106]
Tule
(definition)
from tōllin
[ˈtoːlːin] , 'reed, bulrush'
Words from Quechua
Unless otherwise specified,
Words in English from Amerindian Languages is among the sources used for each etymology
A number of words from
Quechua have entered English, mostly via Spanish, adopting Hispanicized spellings.
Ayahuasca
(definition)
from aya "corpse" and waska "rope", via Spanish ayahuasca
Cachua
(definition)
from qhachwa
Chinchilla
(definition)
possibly from Quechua. May be from Spanish chinche
Chuño
(definition)
from ch'uñu
Coca
(definition)
from kuka , via Spanish coca
Cocaine
(definition)
from kuka (see above), probably via French cocaïne
Condor
(definition)
from kuntur , via Spanish cóndor
Gran Chaco
(definition)
from chaku , "hunt"
Guanaco
(definition)
from wanaku
Guano
(definition)
from wanu via Spanish guano
Inca
(definition)
from Inka "lord, king"
Jerky
(definition)
from ch'arki , via Spanish charquí
Lagniappe
(definition)
from yapay , "add, addition", via Spanish la yapa (with the
definite article la ).
Lima
(definition)
from rimay , "speak" (from the name of
the city , named for the Rimaq river ("speaking river"))
Llama
(definition)
from llama , via Spanish
Lucuma
(definition)
from lukuma , via Spanish
[107]
Mashua
(definition)
from maswa
Pampa
(definition)
from pampa , "a large plain", via Spanish
Pisco
(definition)
from pisqu , "bird"
Puma
(definition)
from puma , via Spanish
Quinine
(definition)
from kinakina , via Spanish quina
Quinoa
(definition)
from kinwa , via Spanish quinoa
Quipu
(definition)
from khipu , via Spanish quipo
[108]
Soroche
(definition)
from suruqchi or suruqch'i , "
Altitude sickness "
[109]
[110]
Vicuña
(definition)
from wik'uña , via Spanish vicuña
Viscacha
(definition)
from wisk'acha , via Spanish vizcacha
[111]
Anorak
(definition)
from
Greenlandic Inuit annoraaq
[112]
Chimo
(definition)
from the
Inuktitut word saimo (
ᓴᐃᒧ Inuktitut pronunciation:
[sa.iˈmo] , a word of greeting, farewell, and
toast before drinking.
[113] Used as a greeting and cheer
by the Canadian Military Engineers , and more widely in some parts of Southern Ontario and Western Canada, particularly in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan [
citation needed ]
Igloo
(definition)
from
Inuktitut iglu (
ᐃᒡᓗ Inuktitut pronunciation:
[iɣˈlu] )
[114]
Ilanaaq
(definition)
Inuktitut ilanaaq (
ᐃᓚᓈᒃ Inuktitut pronunciation:
[ilanaːk] ), "friend". Name of the logo for the
2010 Winter Olympics
Inuksuk
(definition)
from
Inuktitut inuksuk (
ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ Inuktitut pronunciation:
[inukˈsuk] )
[114]
Kayak
(definition)
from
Inuktitut qajaq (
ᖃᔭᖅ Inuktitut pronunciation:
[qaˈjaq] )
[114]
Malamute
(definition)
from
Inupiaq Malimiut , the name of an Inupiaq subgroup
[115]
Mukluk
(definition)
from
Yupik maklak ([makɬak] ), "
bearded seal "
[114]
Nanook
(definition)
from
Inuktitut word for polar bear Nanuq (
ᓇᓄᒃ Inuktitut pronunciation:
[naˈnuq] ),
[116] "polar bear", made famous in English due to a 1922 documentary
Nanook of the North , featuring a man with this name.
Nunatak
(definition)
from
Greenlandic Inuit nunataq
[117]
Tiktaalik
(definition)
from
Inuktitut tiktaalik (
ᑎᒃᑖᓕᒃ Inuktitut pronunciation:
[tiktaːlik] ), "large freshwater fish"
[118]
Umiaq
(definition)
Anole
(definition)
from an
Arawakan language , or possibly
Cariban , via
French anolis .
[119]
[120]
[121]
Barbecue
(definition)
from an
Arawakan language of
Haiti barbakoa , "framework of sticks",
[122] via
Spanish barbacoa .
[123]
Buccaneer
(definition)
from an
Arawakan language buccan , "a wooden frame on which Taínos and Caribs slowly roasted or smoked meat", via
French boucane .
[124]
Cacique or cassique
(definition)
from
Taíno cacike or
Arawak kassequa "chieftain"
[125]
Caiman
(definition)
from a
Ta-Maipurean language , "water spirit" (c.f.
Garifuna [aɡaiumã] ),
[126]
[127] though possibly ultimately of African origin.
[128]
Canoe
(definition)
from
Taíno via
Spanish canoa .
[129]
Cassava
(definition)
from
Taíno caçabi , "manioc meal", via
Spanish or
Portuguese .
[130]
Cay
(definition)
from
Taíno , via Spanish cayo .
[131]
Guaiac
(definition)
from
Taíno guayacan via Spanish and Latin.
[132]
Guava
(definition)
from an Arawakan language, by way of Spanish guayaba .
[133]
Hammock
(definition)
from
Taíno , via Spanish hamaca .
[134]
Hurricane
(definition)
from
Taíno hurakán , via
Spanish .
[135]
Iguana
(definition)
from an
Arawakan language iwana .
[136]
[137]
Macana
(definition)
from
Taíno macana via Spanish.
Maize
(definition)
from
Taíno mahís , via Spanish.
[138]
[139]
Mangrove
(definition)
from
Taíno , via
Spanish mangle or
Portuguese mangue .
[140]
Papaya
(definition)
from
Taíno .
[141]
Potato
(definition)
from
Taíno or Haitian
Carib batata 'sweet potato', via
Spanish patata .
[142]
[143]
[144]
[145]
Savanna
(definition)
from
Taíno zabana , via
Spanish .
[146]
Tobacco
(definition)
probably from an
Arawakan language , via
Spanish : tabaco .
[69]
Yuca
(definition)
from
Taíno , via
Spanish .
[147]
Acai
(definition)
from
Tupi *ɨβasaí , via Brazilian Portuguese assaí , uaçaí , açaí .
[148]
Ani
(definition)
from
Tupi *anúʔí .
[149]
Agouti
(definition)
from
Tupi–Guaraní akutí , via
Portuguese aguti through
French .
[150]
[151]
[152]
Cashew
(definition)
from
Tupí acaîu, via
Portuguese caju .
[153]
Capybara
(definition)
from
Guaraní kapibári 'the grass eater ' via
Portuguese capivara through
French .
Catupiry
(definition)
from
Guaraní katupyry via
Brazilian Portuguese .
[154]
Cayenne
(definition)
from
Tupí kyinha via
French .
[155]
Cougar
(definition)
ultimately corrupted from
Guaraní guaçu ara .
[156]
Jaguar
(definition)
from
Tupinambá via
Portuguese jaguar through
French /jaˈwar-/ ,.
[157]
[158]
Jaguarundi
(definition)
from
Guaraní via
Portuguese .
Maraca
(definition)
from
Tupí maraka via
Portuguese .
Macaw
(definition)
via
Portuguese Macau from
Tupi macavuana, which may be the name of a type of palm tree the fruit of which the birds eat.
[159]
Manioc
(definition)
from
Tupinambá via
Portuguese man(d)ioca through
French /maniˈʔok-/ .
[157]
Petunia
(definition)
from
Tupí petun 'smoke' via
Portuguese .
Piranha
(definition)
from
Tupí pirã́ja, pirã́nʸa , from pirá 'fish' + ã́ja, ã́nʸa 'tooth', via
Portuguese .
[160]
[161]
Seriema
(definition)
from
Tupinambá siriema 'the crested one' via
Portuguese
Tapioca
(definition)
from
Tupinambá /tɨpɨˈʔok-a/
[157] 'juice squeezed out', from tipi 'residue, dregs' + og , ok 'to squeeze out',
[162] via
Portuguese .
[163]
Tapir
(definition)
from
Tupinambá via
Portuguese tapir through
French /tapiˈʔir-/ .
[157]
Tegu
(definition)
from
Tupinambá teiú-guaçú 'big lizard' via
Portuguese teiú
Toucan
(definition)
from
Tupinambá via
Portuguese tucano through
French /tuˈkan-/ ,
[157] via
Portuguese and
French .
[164]
Words from other indigenous languages of the Americas
Abalone
(definition)
from
Rumsen awlun and
Ohlone aluan , via
Spanish abulón.
[165]
Alpaca
(definition)
from
Aymara allpaka , via
Spanish .
[166]
Appaloosa
(definition)
Either named for the
Palouse River , whose name comes from
Sahaptin palú:s , "what is standing up in the water"; or for
Opelousas , Louisiana, which may come from
Choctaw api losa , "black body".
[167]
Barracuda
(definition)
from Spanish, perhaps originally from
Carib .
[168]
Bayou
(definition)
from early
Choctaw bayuk , "creek, river", via
French .
[169]
Camas
(definition)
from
Nez Perce qémʼes .
[170]
Cannibal
(definition)
via
Spanish Caníbalis , from a
Cariban language , meaning "person, Indian",
[171] (Proto-Cariban *karípona ),
[172] based on the Spaniards' belief that the Caribs ate human flesh.
[173]
Catalpa
(definition)
from
Creek katałpa "head-wing", with (i)ká , "head" + (i)táłpa , "wing".
[174]
Cenote
(definition)
from
Yucatec Maya dzonot or ts'onot
[175] meaning "well".
[176]
Cheechako
(definition)
from
Chinook Jargon chee + chako , "new come". Chee comes from
Lower Chinook čxi , "straightaway", and for chako c.f.
Nuuchahnulth čokwaa , "come!"
[177]
Chicha
via Spanish from
Kuna chichab , "
maize " or from
Nahuatl chichiatl , "fermented water."
Chinook
(definition)
from
Lower Chehalis tsʼinúk , the name of a village,
[178]
[179] via
Chinook Trade Jargon .
Chuckwalla
(definition)
from
Cahuilla čáxwal .
[180]
Coho
(definition)
from
Halkomelem k̉ʷə́xʷəθ ([kʷʼəxʷəθ] ).
[38]
[181]
[182]
Coontie
(definition)
from
Creek conti hetaka.
Coypu
(definition)
from
Mapudungun coipu , via American Spanish coipú .
[183]
Degu
(definition)
from
Mapudungun deuñ , via Spanish.
Divi-divi
(definition)
from
Cumanagoto .
Dory
(definition)
from
Miskito dóri, dúri.
Eulachon
(definition)
from a
Cree adaptation of
Chinook Trade Jargon ulâkân ,
[184] itself a borrowing of
Clatsap u-tlalxwə(n) , "brook trout".
[185]
Gaucho
(definition)
via Spanish, probably from a South American indigenous language, cf.
Araucanian cauchu 'wanderer'.
[186]
Geoduck
(definition)
from
Lushootseed (Nisqually) gʷídəq .
[187]
[188]
Guan
(definition)
from
Kuna kwama .
[189]
High muckamuck
(definition)
from
Chinook Jargon [ˈmʌkəmʌk] , "eat, food, drink", of unknown origin.
[190]
Hogan
(definition)
from
Navajo hooghan .
[191]
Hooch
(definition)
a shortening of "Hoochinoo", the name of a Tlingit village, from
Tlingit xutsnuuwú , "brown bear fort".
[192]
[193]
Kachina
(definition)
from
Hopi katsína , "spirit being".
[194]
Jojoba
(definition)
via Spanish, from some Uto-Aztecan language, cf.
O'odham hohowai and
Yaqui hohoovam .
[195]
Kiva
(definition)
from
Hopi kíva (containing ki- , "house").
[196]
Kokanee
(definition)
perhaps from
Twana kəknǽxw.
[197]
Manatee
(definition)
via
Spanish manatí , from a word in a
Cariban language meaning "(woman's) breast".
[198]
[199]
[200]
Ohunka
from
Lakota "false", "untrue".
[201]
Peccary
(definition)
from
Galilbi Carib pakira .
Piki
(definition)
from
Hopi .
Pogonip
(definition)
from
Shoshone /pakɨnappɨ/ ([paˈɣɨnappɨ̥] ), "fog".
[202]
Poncho
(definition)
from
Mapudungun pontho "woolen fabric", via Spanish.
[203]
[204]
Potlatch
(definition)
from
Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) p̉aƛp̉ač ([pʼatɬpʼat͡ʃ] ,
reduplication of p̉a , "to make ceremonial gifts in potlatch", with the
iterative suffix -č ) via
Chinook Jargon .
[205]
Salal
(definition)
from
Chinook Trade Jargon [səˈlæl] , from
Lower Chinook salál .
[206]
Saguaro
(definition)
via
Spanish , from some indigenous language, possibly
Opata .
[207]
Sasquatch
(definition)
From
Halkomelem [ˈsæsqʼəts] .
[208]
Sego
(definition)
from
Ute-Southern Paiute /siˈkuʔa/ ([siˈɣuʔa] ).
[209]
Sequoia
(definition)
from a
Cherokee personal name, <Sikwayi>, with no further known etymology.
[210]
Sockeye
(definition)
from
Halkomelem /ˈsθəqəʔj/ .
[211]
Skookum
(definition)
from
Chinook Jargon [ˈskukəm] , "powerful, supernaturally dangerous", from
Lower Chehalis skʷəkʷə́m , "devil, anything evil, spirit monster".
[212]
[213]
Tamarin
(definition)
from a
Cariban language , via
French .
[214]
Tipi
(definition)
from
Lakota thípi , "house".
[67]
Tupelo
(definition)
Perhaps from
Creek ’topilwa , "swamp-tree", from íto , "tree" + opílwa , "swamp".
[215]
Wapatoo
(definition)
from
Chinook Jargon [ˈwapato] , "arrowroot, wild potato", from
Upper Chinook [wa]- , a noun prefix + [pato] , which comes from
Kalapuyan [pdóʔ] , "wild potato".
[216]
Wakinyan
(definition)
from
Lakota wa , "people/things" + kiŋyaŋ , "to fly".
[217]
Yaupon
(definition)
from
Catawba yąpą , from yą , "wood/tree" + pą , "leaf".
[218]
See also
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a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q Nichols, John, and Earl Nyholm. 1995. A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
^
"Some Illinois Words:Places" . www.museum.state.il.us .
^
a
b Campbell (1997:399)
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^ Chamberlain, Alexander F. (1902). "Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian". The Journal of American Folklore . 15 (59): 240–267.
doi :
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^
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c RHD (1987:1247)
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b RHD (1987:1268)
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c
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g
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^
a
b Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian languages", in "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians , ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 75
^
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^
a
b RHD (1987:1850)
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^ Siebert (1975:394)
^
a
b Bright (2004:489)
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a
b
c RHD (1987:1990)
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^
"Totem" .
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^
"Axolotl" .
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^
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^
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^
"Chocolate" .
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^ What is Mezcal?
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^
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^
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^
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^
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a
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e Jensen, Cheryl (1999). "Tupí–Guaraní". In The Amazonian Languages, eds. R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, pp. 125–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 126
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^
"Definition of GUAN" . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2021-06-05 .
^ Bright (2004:300)
^ Bright (2004:169)
^
"Hoochinoo" .
Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2007-05-10 .
^
"Hooch" .
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . Archived from
the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-10 .
^ Bright (2004:194)
^
"Definition of JOJOBA" . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2021-06-05 .
^
"Kiva" . Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2009-04-13 .
^ Bright (2004:232)
^ Simpson, George Gaylord (1941). "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals". Journal of Mammalogy 22 .1:14
^
"Manatee" .
Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2007-04-02 .
^ Harper, Douglas.
"manatee" .
Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2007-04-02 .
^
"Lakota Words Index" . Lakota Writings. Archived from
the original on 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2010-01-13 .
^ Bright (2004:389)
^ Harper, Douglas.
"poncho" .
Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2008-07-07 .
^
"Poncho" . Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-07-07 .
^
"Help - Oxford English Dictionary" .
^ Bright (2004:416)
^ RHD (1987:1691)
^ Bright (2004:422)
^ Bright (2004:429)
^ Bright (2004:432)
^ Bright (2004:455)
^ Bright (2004:452)
^
"Skookum" . Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-29 .
^ RHD (1987:1939)
^ RHD (1987:2036)
^ Bright (2004:547)
^ Feraca, Stephen E. (Mar 1, 2001).
Wakinyan: Lakota Religion in the Twentieth Century . U of Nebraska Press.
ISBN
978-0803269057 . Retrieved April 5, 2013 .
^ RHD (1987:2200)
Bibliography
Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America . Oxford: Oxford University Press
Flexner, Stuart Berg and Leonore Crary Hauck, eds. (1987). The Random House Dictionary of the English Language [RHD], 2nd ed. (unabridged). New York: Random House.
Siebert, Frank T. (1975). "Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the Dead: The Reconstituted and Historical Phonology of Powhatan". In Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages , ed. James M. Crawford, pp. 285–453. Athens: University of Georgia Press
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