Map of Asia showing the trade network of the Lhasa Newars.
Lhasa Newar (alternate name: Lhasa Newah) (
Newar: ल्हासा नेवा) refers to the expatriate
Newar traders and artisans who traveled between the
Kathmandu Valley and
Tibet from centuries ago. These
Nepalese merchants conducted trade between
Nepal, Tibet and
Bengal,
India over the
Silk Road, and acted as a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between
South Asia and
Central Asia.[1][2]
Along with the merchants, there were colonies of artisans in various parts of Tibet who were engaged in creating
Buddhist art. They were major players in the exchange of art styles across the
Himalaya.[3][4]
The thousand-year-old Lhasa Newar tradition came to an end after the caravan route linking India and Tibet through
Sikkim was shut down by the
Sino-Indian War in 1962. Subsequently, the merchants and craftsmen based in Tibet closed up shop and returned home to Nepal for the last time.[5]
History
According to folklore,
Singha Sartha Aju was the first merchant to travel to Tibet. The history of the Lhasa Newars officially dates from the seventh century with the marriage of Nepalese Princess
Bhrikuti with Tibetan King
Songtsän Gampo. The traders and artisans who accompanied Bhrikuti to Lhasa as part of her retinue established commercial and cultural ties between Nepal and Tibet.
In the 1640s, a treaty was negotiated under which Newar merchants were allowed to establish 32 business houses in Lhasa. It was also agreed that Nepal would mint coins for Tibet.[6] By this time, the number of traders had risen considerably. Eighteenth-century traveller
Ippolito Desideri noted that merchants of Nepal were "numerous" in Lhasá.[7]
The Newars were also organized into "pala" (
Newar: पाला) societies which arranged the celebration of festivals and provided a place for get-togethers. The merchants celebrated
Mohani and other feasts like they did in Kathmandu. There were 10 "palas" originally in Lhasa, and seven remained active until recent times—Chyatangya, Chhusingsyar, Ghorasyar, Jhwala, Lhakam, Kun and Tarunsyar. The Newars in Shigatse and other places in Tibet had their own "palas". Returning merchants and craftsmen were called "Lhasa Newars". Most of them were Buddhist Newars like the
Uray,
Bajracharya,
Shakya and Dhakhwa. There were also many
Shresthas and
Maharjans among them.
Trade
Newar traders exported finished products from Nepal and India to Tibet and brought back goods from Tibet and other parts of
Central Asia. Metal utensils, sacred statues and rice from Nepal, and textiles and other factory products from India were the main exports to Tibet. The Lhasa Newars brought back gold dust, wool, musk pods, pelts and yak tails which were forwarded to Kolkata. The older generation in the village of
Sankhu also regularly play
Mahjong brought from Tibet.
Mule, donkey and yak caravans transported the trade goods over the Himalaya and across the Tibetan Plateau. In Nepal, porters carried the loads over the mountains on their backs.[8]
The trade route connecting India and Tibet goes over the Himalaya. The Lhasa Newars used the Gyirong (Kyirong,
Nepali: केरुङ, kerung) and Kuti (
Nepali: कुती) (Nyalam Tong La) passes to the north of Kathmandu to travel to Lhasa. From the 1930s, a new caravan route over the lower
Nathu La and
Jelep La passes on the border between Sikkim and Tibet became more popular. These passes were approached through
Gangtok in Sikkim and
Kalimpong in
West Bengal, India.
The Lhasa Newars lived in
Lhasa,
Shigatse and
Gyantse in Tibet and in
Kolkata and Kalimpong in India for years at a time.[9][10] Lhasa, as a center on the Silk Road, attracted merchant caravans from across Central Asia with whom the Lhasa Newars engaged in trade. A few business houses also maintained shops in
Leh,
Ladakh which lies on the caravan route to
Kashgar in Chinese Central Asia.[11] Kolkata was a center of wholesale trade.
Art
Lhasa Newar artisans created statues, painted
paubhas and frescoes and built temples in Tibet and other parts of Central Asia,[12] and were instrumental in the spread and development of Buddhist art throughout the region.[13][14] The
Jokhang Temple in Lhasa and the
Kumbum Stupa in Gyantse are examples of their artistic legacy in Tibet.[15] The White Dagoba in
Beijing,
China, built by
Arniko in the 13th century, is another specimen of the artistry of the Lhasa Newars.
Newar artists were the most sought after among the foreign artists living in Tibet. French missionary traveller
Évariste Régis Huc has written that it is they who construct for the Buddhist temples those fine roofs of gilt plates, which resist all the inclemencies of the seasons and always retain a marvellous freshness and glitter. They are so skilful at this class of work that they are sent to the very interior of Tartary to decorate the Lamaseries.[16]
Newar artists gained importance after the destruction of Indian Buddhism in 1203 as they were the only remaining experts in traditional Buddhist art. Tibetan artists thus turned to them for inspiration and learned the Newar style, or Beri as it is now known. The style prevailed for more than four centuries, and reached its peak from 1360 to 1460 when it was adopted as Tibet's universal painting style.[17]
The period from the 14th to the 16th centuries is considered a golden age of Nepalese art. During this time, Newar artists travelled widely and left their mark on the artistic styles of Tibet, Bhutan,
China and Mongolia.[18]
In popular culture
Lhasa Newars have been the subject of ballads, epic poetry and novels in
Nepal Bhasa and other languages, mostly on the theme of loneliness and couples forced to endure long periods of separation.
The best known epic is
Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni ("It hasn't been a month since I came"), written in the late 18th century, about a trader who leaves for Tibet despite the pleas of his newly wedded wife. One day, a false message arrives that he has died in Tibet, and the wife burns herself on the funeral pyre in grief. Years later, the husband returns. Upon being told of her death, he goes away and becomes an ascetic.[19] This poem was the source of "
Muna Madan", a short epic story in the
Nepali language composed by
Laxmi Prasad Devkota in 1936.[20][21]
In the song "My beloved has gone abroad", a wife longs for her husband who has gone to Tibet on business. One day, she is elated to receive a message from Tibet, however, the message contains news of his death.[22]
Another song, "Oh husband, how shall I live" was written towards the end of the 19th century. In this song, a woman expresses her sadness as her husband leaves for Tibet soon after their marriage.[23]
Bhrikuti, a novel by
Dharma Ratna Yami, was awarded the Shrestha Sirapa in 1959. Another novel Ang Lhamo recounts the saga of a Tibetan girl amid a backdrop of the Chinese entry into Tibet. The first edition, published in 1970 by Pasa Muna, was banned by the Nepalese government. A second edition appeared in 1992, published by Paleswan Pithana, Kathmandu.
Mimmanahpau ("Unburnt Letter") by
Chittadhar Hridaya is a novel in the form of a letter from a merchant in Lhasa to his wife in Kathmandu. The husband misses home so much that he regrets the life of a trader. Published in 1968, the novel has been translated into English by
Kesar Lall.[24]
In the novel The Oriental Casebook of
Sherlock Holmes, the famed detective befriends Gorashar, a Newar merchant in Lhasa, and travels with him to Kathmandu during the course of his journeys in Asia to unravel varied mysteries.[25]
^Lo Bue, Erberto F (1988). "Cultural Exchange and Social Interaction between Tibetans and Newars from the Seventh to the Twentieth Century". International Folklore Review. Pages 86-114.
^Rose, Leo E. (1971) Nepal: Strategy for Survival. University of California Press, Berkeley.
ISBN978-0-520-01643-9. Page 14.
^Desideri, Ippolito and De Filippi, Filippo (reprinted 1996), An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri, 1712-1727, Asian Educational Services.
ISBN978-81-206-1019-4. Pages 133, 136.