Lencan | |
---|---|
Ethnicity | Lenca people |
Geographic distribution | El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua |
Linguistic classification |
Macro-Chibchan ?
|
Subdivisions | |
ISO 639-3 | len |
Glottolog | lenc1239 |
The Lencan languages are a small linguistic family from Central America, whose speakers before the Spanish conquest spread throughout El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. But by the beginning of the 20th century, only two languages of the family survived, Salvadoran Lenca or Potón and Honduran Lenca, which were described and studied academically; Of them, only Salvadoran Lenca still has current speakers, despite the fact that indigenous people belonging to the Lenca ethnic group exceed between 37,000 and 100,000 people. [1] [2] [3] [4]
There are two attested Lencan languages:
The languages are not closely related; Swadesh (1967) estimated 3,000 years since separation. Arguedas Cortés (1987) reconstructs Proto-Lencan with 12 consonants (including ejectives) and 5 vowels.
The external relationships of the Lencan languages are disputed. Inclusion within Macro-Chibchan has often been proposed; Campbell (1987) reported that he found no solid evidence for such a connection, but Constenla-Umaña (2005) proposed regular correspondence between Lencan, Misumalpan, and Chibchan.
Campbell (2012) acknowledges that these claims of connection between Lencan, Misumalpan, and Chibchan have not yet been proved systematically, but he notes that Constenla-Umaña (2005) "presented evidence to support a relationship with two neighboring families [of languages]: Misumalpan and Lencan, which constitute the Lenmichí Micro-Phylum. According to Constenla-Umaña's study (2005), the Lenmichi Micro-Phylum first split into Proto-Chibchan and Proto-Misulencan, the common intermediate ancestor of the Lencan and the Misumalpan languages. This would have happened around 9,726 years before the present or 7,720 B.C. (the average of the time depths between the Chibchan languages and the Misulencan languages)...The respective subancestors of the Lencan and the Misumalpan languages would have separated around 7,705 before the present (5,069 B.C.), and Paya and the other intermediate ancestors of all the other Chibchan languages would have separated around 6,682 (4,676 B.C.)." [6] [7]
Another proposal by Lehmann (1920:727) links Lencan with the Xincan language family, though Campbell (1997:167) rejects most of Lehmann's twelve lexical comparisons as invalid. An automated computational analysis ( ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013) [8] also found lexical similarities between Lencan and Xincan. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
The Proto-Lencan homeland was most likely in central Honduras (Campbell 1997:167).
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the use of Honduran Lenca and Salvadoran Lenca began to decline. In the 1950s, Honduran Lenca was already in a critical state of extinction, since the only place where there were speakers was Guajiquiro, In 1982 a Honduran Lenca speaker was found in Guajiquiro. [3] [4] [9] [10] In the 1970s, in Chilanga, a Salvadoran Lenca speaker was found. In the 1990s, some semi-speakers of Honduran Lenca were found. It was assumed that the languages were most likely extinct, and it was believed that it was very unlikely that there were any elders with any knowledge or memory of both languages, and it was also believed that it was very unlikely that fluent speakers could be found. The Honduran Lenca is currently believed to be extinct. [4] [9]
In the case of Salvadoran Lenca, it would be until the end of the nineties, when Consuelo Roque, linguist from the University of El Salvador (UES), found Mario Salvador Hernández from Guatajiagua, who is considered the last native speaker of that language, and specifically of the variant of that population. He learned the language from his grandmother, and both Consuelo and Mario would write a learning primer titled: Poton piau, our Potón language. [11]
While in the case of Honduran Lenca, the linguist American Alan R. King, in the company of his colleague James Morrow, in 2017 they published the book Kotik molka niwamal (which from Honduran Lenca translated into Spanish means Let's learn to speak Lenca), which is a compilation of words in Lenca among the communities still existing that opens the possibility of recovering a significant part of the language. Currently in El Salvador there are rehabilitation projects for Salvadoran Lenca to prevent its extinction. [12]
A 2002 novel by Roberto Castillo, La guerra mortal de los sentidos, chronicles the adventures of the "Searcher for the Lenca Language." [13]
Proto-Lencan | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Lencan languages |
Proto-Lenca reconstructions by Arguedas (1988): [14]
No. | Spanish gloss (original) |
English gloss (translated) |
Proto-Lenca |
---|---|---|---|
1. | abrir | open (verb) | *inkolo- |
2. | agua | water | *was |
3. | anciana | old woman | |
4. | araña | spider | *katu |
5. | ardilla | squirrel | *suri |
6. | bailar | dance | *uli- |
7. | bañar | bathe | *twa- |
8. | beber | drink | *tali- |
9. | blanco | white | *soko |
10. | boca | mouth | *in |
11. | bueno | good | *sam |
12. | cabello | hair | *asak |
13. | caites | sandals | *waktik |
14. | camarón | shrimp | *siksik |
15. | camino | path | *k’in |
16. | casa | house | *t’aw |
17. | cerrar | close (verb) | *inkap- |
18. | cinco | five | *ts’aj |
19. | comal | comal | *k’elkin |
20. | comprar | buy | *liwa- |
21. | cortar | cut | *tajk- |
22. | coyol | coyol | *juku |
23. | coyote | coyote | *sua |
24. | chupar | suck | |
25. | decir | say | *aj- |
26. | desear | want | *saj |
27. | diente | tooth | *nek |
28. | dos | two | *pe |
29. | él | he | *inani |
30. | enfermo, estar | sick | *ona- |
31. | espina | thorn | *ma |
32. | este | this | *na |
33. | estrella | star | *sirik |
34. | flor | flower | *sula |
35. | fuego | fire | *juk’a |
36. | grande | big | *pukV |
37. | guacal | tub | *k’akma |
38. | hermano | brother | *pelek |
39. | hígado | liver | *muts’u |
40. | hormiga | ant | *its’its’i |
41. | hueso | bone | *ts’ek |
42. | ir | go | *o- |
43. | jocote | jocote | *muraka |
44. | lavar | wash | *ts’ajk- |
45. | leña | firewood | *sak |
46. | lluvia | rain | *so |
47. | macho | male | *kew |
48. | maíz | corn | *ajma |
49. | mapachín | raccoon | *wala |
50. | milpa | cornfield | *ta |
51. | montaña | mountain | *kotan |
52. | mover | move | *lum- |
53. | nariz | nose | *nep |
54. | niño | boy | *we |
55. | nosotros | we | *apinani |
56. | nube | cloud | |
57. | oír | hear | *eni- |
58. | orinar | urinate | *wajsa- |
59. | pavo | turkey | *lok |
60. | peine | comb | *tenmaskin |
61. | pelo, pluma | hair, feather | |
62. | perro | dog | *su |
63. | pico | peak | *ints’ek |
64. | piedra | stone | *ke |
65. | piña | pineapple | *mats’ati |
66. | piojo | louse | *tem |
67. | puerco de monte | wild pig | *map’it, *nap’it |
68. | pulga | flea | *t’ut’u |
69. | quebracho | quebracho tree | *sili |
70. | quién | who | *k’ulan |
71. | reír | laugh | *jolo- |
72. | río | river | *wara |
73. | roble | oak | *mal |
74. | ropa | clothes | *lam- |
75. | rostro | face | *tik |
76. | saber | know | *ti- |
77. | seis | six | *wi |
78. | sembrar | sow | *isa- |
79. | tapesco, cama | bed frame, bed | *le- |
80. | tigre (jaguar), león (puma) | tiger (jaguar), lion (puma) | *lepa |
81. | tocar | touch | *jete- |
82. | trabajar | work | |
83. | tres | three | *lawa |
84. | tú | you (sg.) | *amanani |
85. | uña | fingernail | *kumam |
86. | venir | come | *po- |
87. | yo | I | *unani |
88. | zarigüeya | opossum | *ts’ewe |
89. | zopilote | vulture | *kus |
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