Latvian Americans are
Americans who are of
Latvian ancestry. According to the 2008
American Community Survey, there are 93,498 Americans of full or partial Latvian descent.
History
The first significant wave of Latvian settlers who immigrated to the United States came in 1888 to
Boston.[2] By the end of the century, many of those Latvian immigrants had moved on to settle primarily in other East Coast and Midwest cities, such as
New York City,
Philadelphia,
Cleveland, and
Chicago, as well as coastal cities on the
West Coast, such as
Seattle,
Portland,
Los Angeles, and
San Francisco. Although most Latvians settled in cities, in most of these (with the exception of the
Roxbury district of Boston) they lived dispersed and did not form ethnic neighborhoods.
Some immigrants also established themselves in rural areas, but they were few and usually did not form long-lasting communities. The first
Lutheran church built by Latvians in the United States was erected in 1906 in
Lincoln County, Wisconsin, where an agricultural colony had been established in 1897.[3]
A new wave of Latvian immigration began around 1906, after the failure of the
1905 Russian Revolution.[4] Many of these immigrants were political leaders and rank-and-file revolutionaries who could be killed by Russian soldiers if they were discovered, so they emigrated to survive and continue the revolutionary movement in other countries. Most of the Latvian revolutionaries were more politically radical than the earlier immigrants to the United States, which increased social friction within a number of communities.
In 1917, many Latvian revolutionaries returned to their homeland to work for the creation of a Bolshevik government. In 1918, when Latvia declared its independence, some nationalists also returned.[5]
After the First World War, the promise of economic improvements in the newly independent nation, immigration quotas established in 1924 by the United States, and the
Great Depression all contributed to reduced emigration from Latvia to the US. From 1920 to 1939, only 4,669 Latvians arrived in the United States.[6]
Toward the end of
World War II, tens of thousands Latvians fled their country to Western Europe to escape
advancing Soviet troops. Most were held in
Displaced Persons camps. About half were eventually repatriated to now-
Soviet-occupied-Latvia, but the rest resettled to Germany, England, Australia, Canada, the United States, and other countries. From 1939 to 1951, 40,000 Latvians immigrated to the United States with the help of the U.S. government and various social service and religious organizations.[6] Although many of these refugees had been professionals in their country, in the United States they often had to take jobs as farmhands, custodians, or builders until they could learn English and find better paying jobs.
Most Latvians settled in cities because of economic opportunities, such as New York,
Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago. They did not settle in ethnic neighborhoods and relied on social events and the press for a sense of community.[5] Within a few years, Latvian organizations created schools, credit unions, choirs, dance groups, theater troupes, publishers and book sellers, churches, veterans' groups (e.g. the Daugavas vanagi, Hawks of the Daugava), and political organizations to help continue their culture and language. Since the annexation of the Baltic states was not recognized by the United States and many other countries, many kept Latvian passports, issued by the
Latvian Embassy in Washington D.C., but most acquired American citizenship as well.
From 1980 to 1990, 1,006 Latvians arrived in the United States.[5]
Latvia
reestablished its independence in 1991; however, few of the later immigrants or descendants of earlier generations have returned. They have made new lives in the United States.[7]
Demography
According to the 2000 census, a total of 87,564 people of Latvian descent lived in the United States. The larger populations are located in the states of
California,
New York,
Illinois,
Florida, and
Massachusetts. Many Latvian Americans (about 9,000) have dual citizenship, which the country made available to emigrants after becoming independent of the Soviet Union. Since the late 20th century, more Latvian Americans have traveled to Latvia. Others provide financial support and give material to various organizations. Some Latvian Americans have settled there and been elected to the Saeima, or Parliament, in Latvia.[7]
The
states with the largest Latvian-American populations are:
The majority of Latvians immigrants to the United States after World War II were university graduates. Many were academics or belonged to
intelligentsia.[7]
Languages and religions
Most Latvian Americans speak English, while Latvian (also known as Lettish) is basically the language spoken by American Latvians of the first generation due to intermarriage. As for religion, although most Latvians Americans are
Lutherans, there are also
Catholic communities, represented by the American Latvian Catholic Association,[7] as well as American Latvian Baptists and American Latvian
Jewish communities.[9]
Edward Leedskalnin (Edvards Liedskalniņš, 1887–1951), amateur sculptor;, builder of Coral Castle in Florida; claimed to have discovered the ancient magnetic levitation secrets used to construct the Egyptian pyramids[10]
Ari Leff (Ari Steprenss Līfs, born 1994), singer, songwriter and record producer
DJ Lethal (Leors Dimants, born 1972), DJ for rap-rock band
Limp Bizkit, of Jewish descent
Max Weinreich (Makss Veinreihs, 1893–1969), linguist
Tati Westbrook (born 1982), YouTuber, makeup artist and Internet personality
DeAndre Yedlin (born 1993), soccer player for the Seattle Sounders and the United States National Soccer team
Markus Zusevics (Markuss Zuševics, born 1989), NFL football player
David P. Boder (born Aron Mendel Michelson, 1886–1961), psychologist known for the first audio recordings of
Holocaust survivors (I Did Not Interview the Dead, 1949)
^Saulītis, Andris; Mieriņa, Inta (2019), "Latvian Emigrants in the United States: Different Waves, Different Identities?", IMISCOE Research Series, Springer International Publishing, pp. 203–229,
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_10,
ISBN9783030120917
Andersons, Edgars, and M. G. Slavenas. "The Latvian and Lithuanian Press." in The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analysis and Handbook, edited by Sally M. Miller. (Greenwood Press, 1987).
Kārklis, Maruta, Līga Streips, and Laimonis Streips. The Latvians in America, 1640–1973: A Chronology and Fact Book (Oceana Publications, 1974).
Straumanis, Andris. "Latvian Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 65–78.
Online