| Kalamang | |
|---|---|
| Region | West Papua |
Native speakers | 100 (2000) [1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
kgv |
| Glottolog |
kara1499 |
| ELP | Karas |
 Karas is classified as Severely Endangered by the
UNESCO
Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
  Kalamang  Kalamang  Kalamang | |
| Coordinates: 3°28′S 132°41′E / 3.47°S 132.68°E | |
Kalamang, sometimes also called Karas, is a divergent Trans–New Guinea language spoken on the biggest of the Karas Islands off the Bomberai Peninsula, that appears to be most closely related to the West Bomberai languages. It is spoken in Antalisa and Mas villages on Karas Island. [2]
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g |
| Fricative | ( f) | s | ( h) |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ |
| Approximant | w | r, l | j |
- The consonants /f/ and /h/ are marginal.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
- The vowels /a e i/ are reduced to [ə] in unstressed syllables in fast or casual speech.
Additionally, the following diphthongs are present: /ei/, /oi/, /ou/, /ui/.
Pronouns
Cowan (1953) records the following pronouns for Karas.
| singular | dual | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person |
exclusive | aan | inir | piridok |
| inclusive | aantemu (?) | |||
| 2nd person | kame | ? | kijumene | |
| 3rd person | mame | mjeir | mubameir | |
Visser (2020) records the following pronouns for Karas of Maas village:
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The free possessives and possessive suffixes can occur together. [4]
Machine Translation from One Book
In 2023, Kalamang was used by machine learning researchers for a benchmark called "Machine Translation from One Book". It was chosen because of its negligible presence in the Internet and because field research materials were collected by Eline Visser, who published "A grammar of Kalamang" as her PhD thesis. Although Kalamang is primarily oral language, it can be written in latin script as the Indonesian language. Researchers used all existing materials (grammar book, short dictionary, and small set of Kalamang-English sentences) to test how large language models (LLM) can learn a language from a single source, and tested the quality of translations. [5] In 2024, researchers from Google showed that their latest LLM, Gemini 1.5, can translate Kalamang as a human given the same sources. [6]
References
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
-
^
Kalamang language at
Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b Visser, Eline (2016). A Grammar Sketch of Kalamang with a Focus on Phonetics and Phonology (Master thesis). University of Oslo. urn: nbn:no-54973.
- ^ Visser, Eline (19 January 2022). A grammar of Kalamang. Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-343-0.
- ^ Tanzer, Garrett; Suzgun, Mirac; Visser, Eline; Jurafsky, Dan; Melas-Kyriazi, Luke (2023). "A Benchmark for Learning to Translate a New Language from One Grammar Book". arXiv: 2309.16575 [ cs.CL].
-
^ Gemini Team, Google (February 2024),
Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context (PDF)
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Sources
- Cowan, H. K. J. (1953). Voorlopige Resultaten van een Ambtelijk Taalonderzoek in Nieuw-Guinea (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Visser, Eline (19 January 2022). A grammar of Kalamang. Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-343-0.
- Visser, Eline. 2021. "Kalamang dictionary". ids.clld.org.. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. ( CLDF dataset)
External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Kalamang
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