The route has been operated since 1934,[2] but found its name in 1944 from the unique mode of travel of the
kangaroo, as the route's "hops" were reminiscent of a kangaroo's
hops both use to cover long distances.[3] The term is trademarked and traditionally used by
Qantas,[4] although it is often used in the media and by airline competitors to describe all Australia to United Kingdom flights.
Qantas commenced operating non-stop flights from
Perth to
London with
Boeing 787s on 25 March 2018. This ended the era of the continents of
Europe and
Oceania not being connected by non-stop flights, marking the first time that all of the world's continents, excluding
Antarctica, are connected by non-stop flights.[6][7]
Origins of the name
Qantas operated the Australian part of the Kangaroo Route for nine years before coining (and later trademarking) the name.
After starting airmail operations between Brisbane and Singapore in 1934,[9] Qantas began operating passenger flights connecting Brisbane to Singapore in 1935 following successful awarding of the Australian government's tender.[10][11]
After disruption to the route due to the emerging hostilities of
World War II, the connectivity was famously restored by Qantas with its "
Double Sunrise" service connectivity between Perth and Ceylon on the Indian Ocean Route with Catalina flying boats in 1943.[12] With the addition of the land based Liberator aircraft to the route in 1944, the "Indian Ocean Route" was officially renamed "The Kangaroo Service"[13][9][14][15] by Qantas' Managing Director Hudson Fysh and pilot Bill Crowther; a play on words of the aviation term "hop" (referring to a leg of a route), and the hop of a kangaroo, an Australian icon.[16]
Along with the newly created Qantas logo of the flying kangaroo, the terms "Kangaroo Service" and "Kangaroo Route"[17][18][19][20] were trademarked by Qantas and became the airline's branded term to describe Qantas' Australia-United Kingdom connectivity.[21][22]
A significant milestone in 1947 when Qantas began operating the entire Kangaroo Route independently. This April 1947 inauguration is referred to as the birth date of the Kangaroo Route by Qantas, even though it had been operating a part of that route for almost a decade.[23]
History
Early years (1935–1940)
A QEA De Havilland 86 at Mt. Isa, operating the Kangaroo Route circa 1937.
In 1935
Qantas started flying passengers to
Singapore in a
De Havilland 86 to connect with
London-bound
Imperial Airways. London to
Brisbane service commenced on 13 April 1935. Imperial Airways and Qantas Empire Airways opened the 12,754-mile (20,526 km) London to Brisbane route for passengers for a single fare £195 (equivalent to $21,300 in 2022). There were no through bookings on the first service because of heavy sector bookings, but there were two through passengers on the next flight that left London on 20 April. The route opened for passengers from Brisbane to London on 17 April; flights were weekly and the journey time was 121⁄2 days.[25][26]
Impediment and interruption due to WWII (June 1940 – Feb 1942)
On June 11, 1940,
Italy entered WWII and the Kangaroo Route connection across the Mediterranean Sea from Egypt was severed with the resulting loss of all access to commercial air routes.[29][30] While direct passenger air connectivity was lost, previous contingency plans were put into action, utilising the structure of the "
Horseshoe Route" that connected Australia and England for passengers and airmail via Durban, South Africa where passengers would connect to steamboat service.[31][32] This service was swiftly started just 8 days later with the first flight leaving Australia on June 19, 1940[33] and continuing its operation, modifying as necessary until its final reserve route ("Reserve Route 3") via Broome was lost on February 15, 1942 with the fall of Singapore.[34]
Plans for restoration of the connectivity were started in early 1943, resulting in the ideation, equipping, and successful testing of what would become the Double Sunrise service.[30] Earlier in 1939 an alternative route via the Indian Ocean was proposed and designed by the Australian Government for potential use in case of emergency.[35] The designed route was Port Hedland - Batavia - Christmas Island - Cocos Island - Diego Garcia - The Seychelles - Mombasa.[30][32] This route was surveyed and tested in June 1939 but would ultimately not be used, in part as
Batavia had already fallen in March 1942 in the
Battle of Java (1942).[36][30]
Innovation and resumption via "The Double Sunrise" (July 1943 – July 1945)
The QEA Catalina G-AGFL "Altair Star" flying along the coast of Ceylon at the conclusion of a 'Double Sunrise' flight from Australia which operated from July 1943-July 1945.
On July 29, 1943, Qantas resumed the kangaroo route's modified operation, using a fleet of 5
Consolidated PBY Catalina aircraft to cross the Indian ocean nonstop. The planned route was for flights between
Crawley, Western Australia, and
RAF Base Koggala in southern Ceylon. Designed to exploit the Catalina's extreme flight range, the flights became the longest non-stop commercial air route, covering over 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 kilometres; 4,000 miles) across the Indian Ocean. Navigated without the aid of radio, the crews relied solely on rudimentary navigation by compass and stars during the trip. Taking between 27 and 33 hours, with departure timed so that the flight crossed
Japanese occupied territory during darkness, the crew and passengers would observe the sunrise twice, which led to the service being known as "
The Double Sunrise".[37] The Double Sunrise flights remain the longest (in terms of airtime) commercial flights in history.
Initially, passengers and mail were then transferred via ground transport from Galle to Karachi connecting with BOAC service onwards to London. In November 1943, this was replaced by adding an additional hop to the kangaroo route operated by the Qantas Catalinas up the Indian coast to Karangi Creek in Karachi.[37]
In June 1944, Qantas augmented the Kangaroo Route's Catalina service with an additional route operated by converted
Consolidated Liberator bombers. The Liberators flew from Perth to
Learmonth before flying a shorter 3,077 mi (4,952 km) over-water route to an airfield northeast of
Colombo, but they could make the journey in 17 hours with 5,500 pounds (2,500 kg) of payload, whereas the Catalinas usually required at least 27 hours and their payload was limited to only 1,000 pounds (450 kg). This route was named 'The Kangaroo Service' and was the genesis for the Kangaroo Route's naming. It also marked the first time that Qantas's now-famous Kangaroo logo was used; passengers received a certificate proclaiming them as members of The Order of the Longest Hop.[39]
In June 1945,
Avro Lancastrians were introduced on the England–Australia service, and the Liberators and Catalinas were soon shifted to other Qantas routes. The Catalina operated Double Sunrise service ended on 18 July 1945.[40]
Route normalization - Western legs (May 1945)
On May 30, 1945 - following the
end of the war in the European Theatre, Lancastrian operated flights by
BOAC resumed from
Hurn Airport in southern England, connecting in Karachi to Qantas' operated service which flew via Karachi - Minneriya (Ceylon) - Learmonth to Sydney.[41][30] Covering the Kangaroo Route in a scheduled time of 70 hours.[42]
Route normalization - Eastern legs (April 1946)
On April 7, 1946 - Qantas ended its Indian Ocean Service, and reverted the Kangaroo Route back via Darwin and Singapore.[43] For the first time flying directly from Sydney to Darwin to Singapore, eliminating all previous domestic Australian stops.[44] BOAC and Qantas service combined to operate the Kangaroo Route from Sydney to London time in a new record of 63 hours.[45]
Multiple stops (1947–1973)
In 1947, Qantas took over complete operation of the route from Australia to The United Kingdom utilizing their new Lockheed Constellations. BOAC would continue to run its own service in parallel. Qantas first flew the Kangaroo Route on 1 December 1947. A
Lockheed Constellation carried 29 passengers and 11 crew from Sydney to London with stops in
Darwin, Singapore,
Calcutta,
Karachi,
Cairo, and
Tripoli (passengers stayed overnight in Singapore and Cairo).[46] A return fare was £585 (equivalent to $44,700 in 2022), equivalent to 130 weeks average pay.[47]
In the 1950s and 1960s some Qantas Kangaroo Routes featured other stops, including
Frankfurt,
Zürich,
Rome,
Athens,
Beirut,
Tehran,
Bombay, and
Colombo.[48][49] In May 1958 the Kangaroo Route had 11 westward flights a week: four Qantas
Super Constellations, four BOAC
Britannias, and one Air India Super Constellation from Sydney to London, one KLM Super Constellation Sydney to Amsterdam, and one
TAIDouglas DC-6B Auckland to Paris. In February 1959 Qantas' fastest Super Constellation took 63 hr 45 min Sydney to Heathrow and BOAC's Britannia took 49 hr 25 min. Jet flights (Qantas with
Boeing 707) started in 1959; in April 1960 the fastest trip from Sydney to London was 34 hr 30 min with eight stops.
In the late 1950s, Qantas had a round-the-world network, flying Australia to Europe westward on the Kangaroo Route and eastward on the
Southern Cross Route (via the
Pacific Ocean).[1] In 1964 Qantas started a third route to London via Tahiti,
Mexico, and the
Caribbean, called the Fiesta Route.[50] Qantas dropped its Southern Cross Route and Fiesta Route in 1975. By 1969, Qantas had 11 Kangaroo Route flights a week from Sydney to London, taking 29–32 hours with 5–6 stops each; BOAC's 7-9 weekly flights previously had 7 stops.
In 1971 Qantas added
Boeing 747s, reducing the travel time and number of stops (in the late 1970s flights typically stopped at Singapore and
Bahrain). Fares fell, opening air travel to more people with more competition.
One-stop flights (1974–2018)
In April 1974 Qantas commenced operating a one stop service from
Perth to London with only one stop in
Bombay with
Boeing 707s.[51][52]
In 1989 Qantas set a world distance record for commercial jets when a
Boeing 747-400, the
City of Canberra (VH-OJA), flew non-stop from London to Sydney in just over 20 hours (with special fuel[53] and without passengers or cargo). This was the only nonstop flight ever made between both cities for the next 3 decades.[54]
Starting in January 2009, Qantas began utilising its new A380 aircraft on the Kangaroo Route, raising its capacity to 450 passengers per flight.[55]
As part of a partnership approved in 2013 with
Emirates, Qantas announced that its services to London would stop in
Dubai rather than Singapore, beginning that same year.[56] Qantas also announced that its services to
Frankfurt via Singapore would be discontinued in April 2013, leaving London as its only European destination.[57]
Following years of low demand on the Sydney-Dubai route, Qantas announced in 2017 that its flights between Sydney and London would be reverting to a Singapore stop instead of Dubai from 25 March 2018.[58][59]
Non-stop flights (2018– )
Non-stop flights from Perth to London commenced in March 2018 with
Boeing 787s,[60] with the Kangaroo route becoming a non-stop route for the first time, while also connecting Australia and Europe via a non-stop route for the first time. These flights operate out of Perth's Terminal 3 rather than the traditional T1 in order to facilitate seamless transfers from Qantas domestic flights. The non-stop service forms part of Qantas' secondary Kangaroo route QF9/10, between Melbourne and London via Perth. The route also opens up the possibility of further direct flights to Europe from Perth such as
Paris and
Frankfurt. In June 2022, Qantas launched a non-stop seasonal service from Perth to Rome.[61]
In late March 2020, prior to Qantas cutting all international services due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, several repatriation flights were operated with a routing of Sydney-
Darwin-London.[62] The Singaporean government had banned transit passengers and airspace in the
Middle East was closed, due to the pandemic. This was the first time an Airbus A380 flew nonstop between Australia and Europe.[63]
In November 2021, Qantas resumed non-stop Kangaroo Route flights, this time from Darwin to London[64] before resuming the non-stop route between Perth and London in May 2022 following the reopening of Western Australia for international travel.[65]
Qantas' evolution of the Kangaroo Route
Since its founding in 1935, Qantas has evolved the Kangaroo Route over time in terms of "hops" (routings), duration, and aircraft used. Illustrated in the below table are snapshots of that ongoing evolution over the years.
Note: ^ Duration is total elapsed travel time westbound (including stops)
Other competing Australia to United Kingdom one-stop flights
While "The Kangaroo Route™ " is a trademarked term belonging to Qantas,[4] it is often
genericized by the media, other operators, and even Qantas themselves to refer to all flights between Australia and the United Kingdom.
Today Qantas remains the sole operator of "The Kangaroo Route" as well as the only nonstop flight between Australia and the United Kingdom. British Airways continues to operate its legacy route it has served since 1935 when it was Imperial Airways,[109] offering the only other
direct flight from Australia to the United Kingdom.
Forming a competitive market, there are over 20 airlines operating competing one-stop flights from Australia to the United Kingdom via the Eastern Hemisphere as seen in the table below:
Table of other competing one-stop Australia-United Kingdom flights
On 25 August 2017, Qantas announced Project Sunrise, aiming to fly non-stop from the East Coast of Australia (Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane) to London, Paris, Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro and New York City by 2022, and challenged
Boeing and
Airbus to create aircraft that can travel to such places without stopping.[144] Both Boeing and Airbus submitted proposals in 2019. Boeing announced some delays in the B777-8 project in August 2019 after
Etihad Airways dropped orders made in 2013, but the company made it clear that it remained in contention for Project Sunrise.[145]
On 18–20 October 2019, Qantas made a 19-hour test flight QF7879 with a Boeing 787-9 from
New York to
Sydney.[146] The next month, Qantas operated its first 19-20 hour test flight from
London to Sydney using again a Boeing 787-9.[147] Two months later, on 13 December 2019, Qantas announced that their preferred aircraft for the project was the
Airbus A350-1000. The aircraft will have an additional fuel tank and slightly increased
MTOW to deliver the performance required on the Project Sunrise routes. Qantas stated they were working with Airbus to order up to 12 aircraft, with the final decision expected within 2020.[148]
On 5 May 2020, Qantas Group CEO
Alan Joyce announced that Project Sunrise would be put on hold due to the impact of COVID-19 on global travel.[149] Qantas would review its project at the end of 2021, towards a 2024 start of the 21-hour flights, meaning a delay of one year.[150]
On 2 May 2022, Qantas placed a formal order for 12 Airbus A350-1000 aircraft for Project Sunrise flights to commence in "late 2025" between its first two routes: Sydney to London, and Sydney to New York.[105][151] The 238 seats will be split into 6
first class suites (three-abreast), 52
business class suites (four-abreast), 40
premium economy seats at 40″ pitch (eight-abreast) and 140
economy class seats at 33″ pitch (nine-abreast).[152]
Qantas expects these ultra-long-haul flights to drive an annual earnings increase of A$400 million ($261 million) in the first full year with all 12 aircraft in service.[153]
In February 2024, Qantas announced that due to manufacturing delays (which were blamed on a regulator required fuel-tank redesign[154] ), delivery of the A350-1000 aircraft would be delayed by 6 months, thus the launch of the first project Sunrise flights would be delayed until mid-2026.[155][156]
In literature
The book Beyond the Blue Horizon by travel correspondent
Alexander Frater documents the author's attempt to fly all the sectors on the original 1935 Imperial/Qantas London-Brisbane route in 1984.
See also
Southern Cross Route – the Kangaroo Route's counterpart traveling via the Western Hemisphere
Wallaby Route - Route launched by Qantas in 1952 connecting Sydney to Johannesburg
Fiesta Route - Qantas' route that existed from 1964-1975 connecting Sydney to London via Fiji, Tahiti, Acapulco, Mexico City, The Bahamas, and Bermuda.[157][158]
^"QANTAS and Emirates". QANTAS. Archived from
the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012. Our Asian services will no longer be a subsidiary of the 'Kangaroo Route', they will be dedicated to connecting Australians with our region, and Asian visitors to Australia.
^Lady Mountbatten's Diary(PDF). Vol. 13, Jan-Jun 1935. 1935. pp. 107–118. A Passenger on part (Charleville-Brindisi) of the first Kangaroo Route flight