| Kamviri | |
|---|---|
| کامويري Kâmviri | |
 | |
| Native to | Afghanistan, Pakistan |
| Region | Bashgal Valley, and Southern Chitral District, Langorbat, Badrugal and the Urtsun Valley |
Native speakers | 20,000 (2011) [1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
xvi |
| Glottolog |
kamv1242 |
| Linguasphere | 58-ACB-ad |
Kamviri (کامويري Kâmviri) is a dialect of the Kamkata-vari language spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 of the Kom people of Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are slight dialectal differences of the Kamviri speakers of Pakistan. The most used alternative names are Kati, Kamozi, Shekhani or Bashgali.
Name
The name derives from Kom [ˈkom], the ethnonym of the Kom people (pronounced in Kata-vari as Kum [ˈkum]), with the suffix viri [viˈɾi] "language, speech". Cognates of the ethnonym in other Nuristani languages include Prasuni Kâ̄ma [kaːˈmɘ] (borrowed from Kamkata-vari) and Waigali Kam [ˈkɘm].
Phonology
The inventory as described by Richard Strand. [2] In addition, there is stress.
The neutral articulatory posture, as in the reduced vowel /a/, consists of the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth and a raised tongue root is linked with a raised larynx, producing a characteristic pitch for unstressed vowels of about an octave above the pitch of a relaxed larynx.
Consonants
| Labial |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Post- Alveolar |
Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʂ | t͡ʃ | ||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʐ | d͡ʒ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | ( f) | s | ʂ | ʃ | ( x) |
| voiced | v | z | ʐ | ʒ | ɣ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | ||
| Tap | ɾ | ( ɽ) | ||||
| Approximant | lateral | l | ||||
| central | ɻ | j | ||||
- Sounds [f, x, q, ɢ, ħ, ʕ, h, ʔ] are found in loanwords.
- Between vowels, /s, ʂ, ʃ/ voice to [z, ʐ, ʒ].
- /v/ can also be heard as bilabial [β] or a labial approximant [w].
- For most speakers, and especially in Kombřom, /ʈ/ becomes a retroflex flap [ɽ].
- /k/ becomes a velar tap [ɡ̆].
One suffix /ti/ voices to [di] for most speakers.
[ʈɭ, ɖɭ] are phonetic affricates.
Nasals voice a following obstruent.
Laminal consonants change a following /a/ from [ɨ] to [i].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i y | ( ɨ ⟨a⟩) | u |
| Mid | e | ə ⟨a⟩ | o |
| Low | a ⟨â⟩ | ( ɔ) |
⟨a⟩ is [ː] after another vowel, [i] after a laminal consonant and after /ik, ek, iɡ, eɡ/. For some speakers, it is [u] after /uk, yk, uɡ, yɡ/. Otherwise it is [ə] or [ɨ].
Vocabulary
Pronouns
| Person | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | sg. | õć, õ | ī̃ | ĩ |
| pl. | imo | imō | imo | |
| 2nd | sg. | tü | tū | tu |
| pl. | šo | šō | šo | |
Numbers
- ev
- dü
- tre
- što
- puč
- ṣu
- sut
- uṣṭ
- nu
- duć
References
- ^ Kamviri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ The Sound System of kâmvʹiri
Bibliography
- Strand, Richard F. (2019-04-20). "The Kom". Richard Strand's Nuristan Site. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
- Strand, Richard F. (1973). "Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (3): 297–305. doi: 10.2307/599462. JSTOR 599462.
- Strand, Richard F. (2023). "Ethnolinguistic and Genetic Clues to Nûristânî Origins". International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction. 19: 267–353. doi: 10.29091/9783752002348. ISBN 978-3-7520-0234-8.
External links
- Strand, Richard F. (1997). "Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (1999). "Kâmv'iri Lexicon". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (1997). "The Sound System of Kâmv'iri". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
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